Evolution and Morphology

analogy

structures w same function ex. insect wing, bat wing, bird wing

homology

structures that are similar because they were present in a common ancestor ex. bat wing and human arm

vertebrates

have axial skeleton-vertebral column, this is homologous (all animals are this)

tetrapod

4 legged creature

appendicular skeleton

(pectoral and pelvic) girdles and limbs

keystone

land living vertebrates with four legs (tetrapods) have an arched vertebral column where the front and back lean together toward a middle vertebra. arch resists the pull of gravity

undulation

snake movement

alligator movement

rests belly on ground most of the time, but stands on four legs when wants to attack. needs to use muscle to support themself

swim bladder

fish use to go up or down by controlling gas that is in it

primate skull

• has large brain area compared to face

• eyes are facing forward (binocular vision)

cow/horse skull

• eyes on side because they need to see 360 degrees to watch out for predators

occlusion

the way teeth fit together

omnivore

eat everything ex. pigs, humans

peridot ligament

collagen fiber nerve endings surrounding our teeth

crowned teeth

tall teeth, horses have them. designed to scrape food and drag to break up

suture

area where edged of skull meet (on a deer they are very stuck together to hold antlers like staggered (esp during collisions))

armadillo shell

dermis makes the bone protective covering, epidermic makes keratin layer

skull ridges on gorilla

for temporal muscles that move upper jaw up and down with a lot of force