Unit 3 Cultural Patterns

Habit

A repetitive act performed by a particular individual.

Custom

The frequent repetition of an act, to the extent that it becomes characteristic of the group of people performing the act.

Culture

The way a group people live their daily lives. It is what they care about, what they care for, and what they are willing to fight for like beliefs, values, customs, traditions.

Cultural Hearth

The geographical origin of a cultural group or trait.

Cultural Trait

The elements that make up a groups' culture including language, religion, government, customs/ traditions, education, economics, art/literature, social class, etc.

Material Culture

All physical, tangible objects made & used by a group; Example; clothes, books, desks, etc.

Non- Material Culture

The non-tangible things that are important to a group; beliefs, values, customs, traditions, etc.

Popular culture

Culture found in a large, heterogeneous society that shares certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics.

Folk culture

Culture traditionally practiced by a small, homogeneous, rural group living in relative isolation from other groups

Cultural Relativism

Idea that a person's beliefs, values, and practices should be understood based on that person's own culture

Cultural Convergence

When interaction is high, groups appear more similar to each other

Acculturation

Adapting to or borrowing traits from another culture

Multiculturalism

Policy of maintaining a diversity of cultures within a community

Syncretism

When aspects of two or more distinct cultures blend together to create new custom, idea, practice, or philosophy

Assimilation

People lose originality differentiating traits when they come into contact with another society or culture

Ethnocentrism

Judging others negatively based on your standards

Cultural Divergence

Tendency for cultures to become dissimilar over time.

Carl Sauer

Established the idea that the greatest impact people have on the world is creating their own unique cultural landscape that reflects what it is important to the group

Cultural Landscape/ Built Landscape

Cultural attributes of an area often used to describe a place (e.g., buildings, theaters, places of worship

Uniform Landscape

Features of the U.S. landscape, such as gas stations, supermarkets, and motels promote a

Sense of Place/ Place- Making

The idea that certain places hold special meaning to particular people. Places said to have a strong "sense of place" have a strong identity that is deeply felt by inhabitants and visitors.

Sequent Occupancy

The notion that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place, each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape

Folk Housing

Building styles that are particular to the culture of the people who have long inhabited the area

Indigenous Architecture

Architecture that is native to a certain place

Taboo

A restriction on behavior imposed by social custom.

Terrier

The impact that a specific physical environment has on food. Why products like fruits and vegetables taste differently around the world. Impacts what people believe is quality.

Malware

Hostile or intrusive software designed to cause intentional harm.

Ransonware

Form of malware that encrypts the victim's software, rendering them inaccessible, until a ransom is paid.

Cyber Espionage

The unauthorized and clandestine deployment of a virus to observe or destroy data in the computer system of governments or large corporations.

Alternative Facts

Fake news

Trolling

Posting deliberatly inflammatory, extraneous, or off- topic messages in social media in order to provoke quarrels or otherwise agitate people.

Centripetal force

Force that tends to unify people

Centrifugal force

Force that tends to pull people a part

Language

A system of communication through speech, a collection of sounds that a group of people understands to have the same meaning.

Language Family

A group of languages with a shared but fairly distant origin.

Logograms

The system of writing used in China and other East Asian countries in which each symbol represents an idea or concept rather than a specific sound, as is the case with letters in English.

Official Language

The language used by the government for laws, reports, and public objects, such as road signs, money, and stamps.

Standard Language

The variant of a language that a country's political and intellectual elite seek to promote as the norm for use in schools, government, and is recognized by other states.

Creole Language

A language that results from the mixing of the colonizer's language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated.

Pidgin Language

A very basic language which is used to communicate between cultures, involving a blend of words and concepts from at least two, and sometimes more, cultures.

British Revised Pronunciation (BRP)

The dialect of English associated with upper-class Britons living in the London area and now considered standard in the United Kingdom.

Dialect

Local or regional characteristics of a language. In addition to pronunciation variation it has distinctive grammar and vocabulary.

Vulgar Latin

A form of Latin used in daily conservation by ancient Romans, as opposed to the standard dialect, which was used for official documents.

Institutional Language

A language used by education, work, mass media, and government

Developing Language

A language in daily use that has a literary tradition, but is not widely distributed

Working Language

Language used by an international business or corporation for daily communication

Vigorous Language

A language is daily use, but lacks a literary tradition

Threatened/ Endangered Language

Language used for face to face communication, but is losing users

Dying Language

A language used by older people, but not being transmitted to children

Extinct Language

A language that was once in use, but no longer spoken or read in daily activities by anyone in the world.

Revived language

are languages which have experienced near or complete extinction (either a spoken or written language), but were intentionally revived and have eventually regained some of their former status

Isolated Language

A language that is unrelated to any other languages and therefore not attached to any language family.

Lingua Franca

A language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages.

Isogloss

A boundary that separates regions in which different language uses predominate.

Literary Tradition

A system of written communication produced by a language.

Dialect

Regional variation in a language

Mutual Intelligibility

Ability of people speaking in two ways to readily understand each other without prior familiarity or special effort

Religion

The belief in and worship of a superhuman controlling power, esp. a personal God or gods.

Atheism

Belief that god does not exist

Agnosticism

Belief that the existence of god cannot be proven or disproven empirically

Monotheistic Religion

Monotheism (from Greek) is the belief in theology that only one deity exists. The concept of "monotheism" tends to be dominated by the concept of God in the Abrahamic religions, such as Judaism, Christianity, Islam, etc.

Polytheistic Religion

This is the belief of multiple deities, usually assembled into a pantheon of gods and goddesses, along with their own mythologies and rituals.

Ethnic Religion

Religion that is particular to one, culturally distinct, group of people.

Universalizing Religion

A religion that attempts to appeal to all people, not just those living in a particular location.

Religious Branch

A large and fundamental division within a religion.

Denomination

A division of a branch that unites a number of local congregations in a single legal and administrative body.

Congregation

Local group of worshipers of a religion

Syncretic

The blending of two religions to create something new

Sacred sites

A location that is held by a certain religion to be holy and worthy of reverence, such as a temple.

Religious Sect

A group with distinctive religious, political, or philosophical beliefs. Although in past it was mostly used to refer to religious groups, it has since expanded and in modern culture can refer to any organization that breaks away from a larger one to follow a different set of rules and principles.

Animism

Belief that the natural world such as plants, stones, and events have discrete spirits and conscious life

Taoism

An ethnic religion based on the teachings of Laozi emphasizing "the way" and the balance of good and evil forces

Juche

Ethnic religion of North Korea that is based on the teachings of the country's leaders: Kim Il Sung, Kim Jong Il, and Kim Jung Un

Baha'i

Universalizing religion that focuses on the abolish of racial, class, and religious prejudices

Tenrikyo

Ethnic religion of Japan that believes in charity while striving for Joyous Life

Jainism

Ethnic religion of South Asia that believes nonviolence and self control are the means to achieve liberation

Shintoism

Ethnic religion of Japan that believes humans are fundamentally good, and evil is believed to be caused by evil spirits called kami. Shinto rituals keep away evil spirits by purification, prayers and offerings to the kami

Cao dai

Ethnic and syncretic religion of Vietnam that believes in revelation and salvation

Zoroastrianism

Ethnic religion of the Persian Empire (Iran today) that believes fire and water are seen as symbols of purity

Hinduism

World's third-largest religion, but 97 percent of Hindus are concentrated in India. Hindus believe that it is up to the individual to decide the best way to worship God.

Caste system

A social structure in which classes are determined by heredity and rigidly adhered to.

Buddhism

A widespread Asian religion or philosophy, founded by Siddhartha Gautama in northeastern India in the 5th century BC.

Sikhism

Religion taht broke from Hinduism due, in part, to its rejection of the caste system

Judaism

The religion that originated out of Israel, and is classified as an ethnic religion.

Christianity

The religion based on the person and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth or beliefs and practices.

Roman Catholic Church

The largest Christian church, lead by the Pope. This mostly dominates Southern Europe and South America.

Protestant Baptist

Branch of Protestant Christianity distinguished by baptizing professing believers only (believer's baptism, as opposed to infant baptism), and doing so by complete immersion

Protestant Lutheran

Identifies with the teaching of Martin Luther, a 16th-century German reformer. Luther's efforts to reform the theology and practice of the church launched the Protestant Reformation

Latter- day Saints Mormon

The principal branch of the Latter Day Saint movement of Restorationist Christianity, initiated by Joseph Smith in upstate New York during the 1820s

Missionary

A person sent by a religious community to promote their beliefs and ideas so that they may get more followers in their religion.

Islam

The youngest of the major world religions, it is based on the teachings of Muhammad.

Minarets

A tall slender tower, typically part of a mosque, with a balcony from which a muezzin calls Muslims to prayer.

Jihad

A holy war undertaken by Muslims against nonbelievers, as a religious duty.

Hajj

A pilgrimage to Mecca, preformed as a duty by Muslims.

Shi'ite

A member of the branch of Islam that regards Ali as the legitimate successor to Mohammed and rejects the first three caliphs.

Sunni

Sunni is an Islam religion and is the largest branch of Islam.

Shari'a law

Shariah: the code of law derived from the Koran and from the teachings and example of Mohammed; "sharia is only applicable to Muslims"; "under Islamic law there is no separation of church and state".

Secularism

Denoting attitudes, activities, or other things that have no religious or spiritual backgrounds.

Religious Extremism

Ideology or practical act far outside of the perceived religious practices of a society.

Religious Fundamentalism

A belief in a strict adherence to a set of basic principles (often religious in nature), sometimes as a reaction to perceived doctrinal compromises with modern social and political life.