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Pope Urban II

Called the Council of Clermont in 1095 and launched the First Crusade by urging Christians to retake Jerusalem, representing a holy war mindset.

Council of Clermont

A church council in 1095 where Pope Urban II called for the First Crusade to reclaim Jerusalem from Muslim control.

Satyagraha

A philosophy of nonviolent resistance developed by Gandhi meaning 'truth-force,' focused on changing opponents through moral pressure rather than violence.

Mahatma Gandhi

Leader of the Indian independence movement who used nonviolent resistance (Satyagraha) to challenge British rule.

Hugo Grotius

A Dutch philosopher considered the father of international law who argued that war should follow universal moral rules.

Thomas Merton

A Trappist monk and writer who promoted Christian pacifism and argued that war comes from inner moral disorder.

Seville Statement

A 1986 UNESCO statement declaring that humans are not biologically destined for war and that violence is learned.

International Criminal Court (ICC)

A global court that prosecutes individuals for war crimes, genocide, and crimes against humanity.

War Prayer

A work by Mark Twain that criticizes blind patriotism and shows that praying for victory also means wishing suffering on enemies.

Mark Twain

An American writer who criticized war and nationalism, especially in his work 'The War Prayer.'

Mennonite Church

A Christian peace church that practices pacifism and rejects all forms of violence and war.

Dorothy Day

A Catholic activist who founded the Catholic Worker Movement and promoted nonviolence and service to the poor.

Immanuel Kant

A philosopher who wrote Perpetual Peace, arguing that lasting peace comes through international law and cooperation.

Perpetual Peace

The idea that lasting global peace can be achieved through international cooperation, laws, and respect for human rights.

Dag Hammarskjöld

A UN Secretary-General who emphasized that the UN exists to prevent global catastrophe and promote peace.

United Nations

An international organization of 193 countries focused on maintaining peace, security, and cooperation worldwide.

# of UN Member States

193 countries.

Christina Koch

A NASA astronaut who described seeing Earth without borders from space, emphasizing global unity.

No borders quote

From space, Earth appears as one unified planet, showing that human divisions are artificial.

Letter from Birmingham Jail

A letter by Martin Luther King Jr. defending nonviolent resistance and arguing that injustice must be confronted immediately.

Martin Luther King Jr.

A civil rights leader who promoted nonviolent protest to achieve justice and equality.

Bartolomeo de las Casas

A Spanish priest who defended Indigenous peoples and argued against their mistreatment during colonization.