*internally screams*--"I'm fine"

atomic number

number of protons

atom's nucleus

contains protons and neutrons

electron

negatively charged

-orbit around atom's nucleus in the ~electron cloud~

energy levels

the number of electrons in each cloud determines the atom's reactivity

electrons in orbitals

-1st level holds 2 electrons

-2nd hold 6

-3rd holds 8

ionic bond

transfer of electrons

-attraction between a cation and anion

covalent bond

sharing of electrons

-strong electron bond

hydrogen bond

weak chemical bond

slightly positive hydrogen atom attracted to the slightly negative atom in another molecule

phospholipid

makeup bilayer of membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail.

hydrolysis

the chemical breakdown of a compound due to adding water

isotope

Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons

ion

An atom or group of atoms that has a positive or negative charge.

carbohydrate

C:H:O---> 1:2:1

-sugars

-water soluble

-highest energy concentration

-commonly stored in glycogen form

lipid

C:H---> 1:2

-little or no oxygen

-commonly stored in triglycerides (stores fats in body)

fats, wax, oils, and fatty acids

protein

chains of amino acids

-contain nitrogen, carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen

keratin and collagen---enzymes and insulin

enzyme

protein catalysts for chemical reactions in living things

cation

positively charged ions

-its the "donor" in ionic bonds

denaturation

enzyme loses shape due to heat or pH

anion

negatively charged ions

-it's the "acceptor" in ionic bonds

buffer

A solution that minimizes changes in pH when extraneous acids or bases are added to the solution.

pH scale

measures the concentration of H+ ions in a solution

- a pH of 0 to 7 is acidic

-pH of 7 is neutral

-pH of 7 to 14 is basic

water properties

polar and inorganic

-soluble

-lubricates stuff (makes stuff wet)

-very reactive

-high heat capacity

glucose

--type of monosaccharide (simple sugar)

-an important source of energy.

sucrose

disaccharide

glucose + fructose (table sugar)

nucleic acid

macromolecule containing H, O, N, C, AND P

a complex organic substance present in living cells, especially DNA or RNA, whose molecules consist of many nucleotides linked in a long chain.

nucleotides

glycogen

polysaccharide

-storage form of glucose in animals, including humans

lactose

dissarcharide

glucose + galactose (milk sugar)

fructose

monosaccharide

-sometimes known as "fruit sugar"

lipid function

-energy storage

-structure

-endocrine (hormones)

ribosome function

site of protein synthesis

rough er function

modification and packaging of newly synthesized proteins

smooth er function

synthesis of lipids and glycogen

simple diffusion

solutes are lipid-soluble materials/small enough to pass through membrane unnassisted

centriole function

separates chromosomes during cell division

forms mitotic spindles

cytosol

fluid portion of cytoplasm

made of lipid

peroxisomes function

organelle that break down fatty acids and hydrogen peroxide

golgi function

stack of membranes in the cell that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum

lysosome function

contains digestive enzymes that can break down many things in cells.

nucleus

-control center of the cell

-contains DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction

osmosis

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

diffusion

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

facilitated diffusion

process by which molecules are moved into cells along concentration gradient with the help of proteins

active transport

Energy-requiring (ATP) process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration gradient

pinocytosis

cell-drinking

-type of endocytosis in which the cell ingests extracellular fluid and its dissolved solutes.

ATP

high-energy molecule that contains, within its bonds, energy that cells can use

adenosine triphosphate

ADP

a lower-energy molecule that can be converted into ATP by the addition of a phosphate group

adenosine diphosphate

endocytosis

process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane

exocytosis

Process by which a cell releases large amounts of material

phagocytosis

cell eating

-type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs large particles or whole cells

interphase

before prophase

DNA is replicated--- cell performs normal fucntions and prepares for cell division

prophase

first and longest phase of mitosis

-chromosomes become visible

-the centrioles separate from each other and begin to move toward opposite sides of the cell

-nuclear envelope and nucleoli have been broken down and disappeared

-chromosomes have attached randomly to the spindle fibers by their centromeres

metaphase

2nd stage

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

anaphase

the third phase of mitosis

centromeres split

- chromosomes move slowly apart, drawn towards opposite ends of the cell; pulled apart by their half-centromeres, with their "arms" dangling behind them

phase is over when the chromosome movement end

telophase

the final phase of cell division

chromosomes at opposite ends of the cell uncoil to become chromatin again

-spindle breaks down and disappears

-nuclear envelope forms around each chromatin mas

nucleoli appear in each of the daughter nuclei

stratrum corneum

epidermal layer that is the outermost layer of the skin

15-30 layers of keratinized cells

water resistant

keratinization

The formation of a layer of dead, protective cells filled with keratin; occurs on all exposed skin surfaces except eye; 15-30 days for a cell to move from stratum basale to stratum corneum

stratum granulosum

3rd layer

stops mitotic dividing and starts producing protein fibers

cells dehydrate and die

create tightly interlocked layer of keratin surrounded by keratohyalin

stratum basale

germinativum

the deepest live layer of the epidermis that produces new epidermal skin cells and is responsible for growth

where mitotic division begins

carotene

orange-yellow pigment; found in orange veggies (carrots); accumulates in epidermal cells and fatty tissues of dermis; can be converted to vitamin A

oxygen debt

exercise/activity= need more oxygen--> heavy breathing

epidermis

outer layer of skin

-lacks blood vessels

-prevent water loss

-filled with keratin

-dead, hard cells

dermis

between epidermis and subcutaneous layer---anchors stuff like hair follicles and sweat glands

papillary layer- capillaries, lymphatics, and sensory neurons; has dermal papillae projecting between epidermal ridges

reticular layer--dense connective tissue with blood vessels and stuff

subcutaneous layer

innermost layer of the skin, containing fat tissue

stratum lucidem

found only in thick skin and covers stratum granulosum

stratum spinosum

produced by stratum basal division; cells shrink til cytoskeleton stick out

miotic division continues--->continue to divide which increases thickness of epidermis

ceruminous gland

modified sweat glands, located in external ear canal, secretes cerumen (earwax)

cyanosis

a bluish discoloration of the skin resulting from poor circulation or inadequate oxygenation of the blood.

thick skin

covers palms and soles

5 layers of keratinocytes

vitamin d

produced by epidermal cells in presence of UV radiation

-not enough--> can cause rickets

thin skin

Covers most of the body

four layers of keratinocytes

arrector pili

a smooth muscle attached to hair follicles that causes "goose bumps" to appear on the skin when contracted

keratinocyte

lots of keratin and most abundant cell in epidermis

keratin

hard protein material found in the epidermis, hair, and nails

-water resistant

nail structure

nail body = main visible part

nail root (eponychium)= where nail production occurs

lunula= pale crescent near nail bed

melanin

yellow-brown/black pigment; produced by melanocytes of stratum basale; stored in melanosomes (transport vesicles); transferred to keratinocytes

sebaceous glands

oil glands of the skin connected to hair follicles

lubricate hair and control bacteria

controlled by nervous system

first degree burn

A mild burn characterized by heat, pain, and reddening of the burned surface but not exhibiting blistering or charring of tissues.

second degree burn

A burn marked by pain, blistering, and superficial destruction of dermis with edema and hyperemia of the tissues beneath the burn.

third degree burn

a burn involving all layers of the skin; characterized by the destruction of the epidermis and dermis, with damage or destruction of subcutaneous tissue

appocrine glands

body odor

most numerous

controlled by nervous system

-found in armpits, around nipples and groin

merocrine glands (eccrine)

associated with temperature regulation

cools skin; excretes water and electrolytes; flushes microorganisms and harmful chemicals from skin

ossification

formation of bone

pecipitation of calcium phosphate within the cartilage matrix; makes bones hard and stone-like

spongy vs compact bone

spongy is inside bone better at shock absorption,

compact is the external portion and is smooth, dense, strong, rigid

diaphysis

shaft of long bone, composed of compact bone

epiphysis

End of a long bone

epiphyseal plate

growth plate, made of cartilage, gradually ossifies

long bone

longer than they are wide

humerus, ulna, radius, femur, tibia, fibula

short bone

carpals and tarsals

irregular bones

vertebrae and hip bones

sesamoid bone

small, round bone embedded in a tendon; protects the tendon from compressive forces

patella

red bone marrow

found in cancellous bone; site of hematopoiesis (blood cell production)

yellow bone marrow

fatty tissue found in the medullary cavity of most adult long bones

Haversian canal

canals in the center of the haversian system that contain blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves.

foramen

Round or oval opening through a bone (hole)

osteon

(Haversian System)

the functional and structural unit of compact bone

isotonic contraction

the change in length causes motion---- muscle tension exceeds load (resistance) and lifts muscle

isometric contraction

develops tension but DOES NOT change length--- no movement

concentric contraction

isotonic

muscle SHORTENS because tension is GREATER than resistance

eccentric contraction

isotonic

muscle LENGTHENS because tension is LESS than resistance

muscle fatigue

muscle inability to do stuff

-depletes metabolic reserves

-low pH (lactic acid)

-pain and exhaustion