Exam 2- Heart

The heart lies in the _________

Mediastinum

The heart is ________ of midline and above the ________

Left

Diaphragm

The heart lies between?

Medial/lower borders of lungs

The heart lies in the _______ to _________ intercostal cartilage

3rd to 6th

What is it when the heart is to the right of midline?

Dextracardia

If the heart and stomach are placed to the right and the liver to the left this is termed?

Situs inversus

What is a the tough, double walled fibrous sac encasing and protecting the heart

Pericardium

What is the thin outermost muscle layer covering the heart, inner layer to the pericardium?

Epicardium

What is responsible for the heart pumping?

Myocardium

What is the thick, muscular middle layer of the heart?

Myocardium

What is the innermost layer of the heart, lining the chambers and covering the valves?

Endocardium

What are the 2 upper chambers of the heart?

Right and left atria

The two upper chambers are thin-walled chamber that act primarily as ________________

Reservoirs for blood returning to the heart from the veins

What are the 2 bottom chambers?

Right and left ventricles

What divides the right and left heart?

Septum

How many valves are there?

4

What permit the flow of blood in only one direction?

Valves

What are the atrioventricular valves?

Tricuspid and mitral valve

What valve has 3 cusps and separates the right atrium from the right ventricle?

Tricuspid

Which valves as two cusps and separates the left atrium from the left ventricle?

Mitral valve

What are the 2 semilunar valves?

Pulmonic valve

Aortic valve

What valve separates the right ventricle from the pulmonary artery?

Pulmonic valve

What valve lies between the left ventricle and the aorta?

Aortic valve

What stage of the heart beating is when the ventricles contract called?

Ventricles

What heart sound is the beginning of systole?

S1

What heart sound is the beginning of diastole?

S2

What makes the first heart sound, S1?

Mitral and tricuspid valves close

What happens when blood is ejected into the arteries?

Aortic and pulmonic valves open

What makes the second heart sound, S2?

Aortic and pulmonic valves close

What heart sounds are in systole?

S1 and S2

What heart sounds are in diastole?

S3-S4

What is the third heart sound, S3?

Blood moves from atrial to ventricles

Which heart sound do you not typically hear, except in pregnancy or old people sometimes?

S3

What causes the complete emptying of the atria?

Atria contract as ventricles are almost filled

What makes up the fourth heart sound?

Complete emptying of atria

Hearing what heart sound is always pathological?

S4

What is known as the pace maker of the heart?

Sinoatrial node (SA node)

What is the order of electrical conduction through the heart?

SA node

AV node

Bundle of His

Purkinje fibers

What is a graphic recording of electrical activity during the cardiac cycle?

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

What close in the heart during birth?

Ductus ateriosus and interatrial foramen ovals

What are some changes of the heart that occur at birth?

Right ventricle assumes pulmonary circulation

Left ventricle assumes systemic circulation

How does heart positioning differ in children than adults?

Heart lies more horizontally and apex is higher

Adult heart position is reached when?

Age 7

Maternal blood volume increase _________

40-50%

In pregnant women the heart pumps_________ for more _________

Harder

More stroke volume

During pregnancy, the heart shifts to a more _____________ position. Why?

Horizontal

-uterus enlarges and pushes the diaphragm upward, pushing the heart more horizontal

In older adults the heart size may ________

Decrease

In older adults the left ventricular wall ________ and the valves _______ and ______

Thickens

Valve fibrose and calcify

In older adults the heart rate________ and the stroke volume ________

Slows

Decrease

In older adults the cardiac output during exercise declines by________

30-40%

The endocardium in older adults?

Thickens

The myocardium in older adults?

Less elastic

What is a sign of heart failure?

Coughing when laying down

-cardiorespiratory

What is it when the patient can't breath when laying down but can breath when sitting up?

Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

What kind of personal and social history should we ask involving the heart?

Smoker

Exercise

Employment

Cholesterol levels

Drudge use

When it comes to infant heart health, what is something we have to consider?

Maternal health during pregnancy

What things should we look for in infants with heart health?

Feeding intolerance

Cyanotic spells

Breathing difficulty

Failure to grow

What signs should we look for with heart health in children

Tiring during play

Naps

Positions at play and rest

Headaches

Nosebleeds

Unexplained joint pain

Unexplained fever

Expected height and weight gain

Expected physical and cognitive development