CSP END-TERM (better) | Quizlet

DDR

Demobilization, Disarmament, Reintegration

SSR

Security Sector Reform

tripartite model of peace promotion components

peacemaking, peace building, peacekeeping

Peacemaking (tripartite model of peace promotion components)

Process of brokering a peace deal. It involved diplomatic effort and can be enforced by a third-party armed force.

Peacekeeping (tripartite model of peace promotion components)

the use of paramilitary forces to maintain peace post-conflict.

Peacebuilding (tripartite model of peace promotion components)

continuous process, a few years before or after the end of a conflict to prevent another future conflict.

When does negotiation take place in conflict management?

Before, during, and at the end of a conflict.

The Negotiator's Dilemma

Though or soft (favorable agreement / more chance of agreement)

Negotiation

process of combining of divergent/conflicting positions through communication into a joint decision.

Arbitration

judicial procedure resulting to a verdict that both parties have committed to accept.

Mediation

mode of negotiation in which a third party helps the parties find a solution which they cannot find by themselves

Motives for major powers to engage in mediation

- to increase the prospects of stability

- to deny their rivals opportunities for intervention

- to earn them gratitude of one or both parties

- to enable them to continue to have a role in the region

Motives for small and medium-sized powers to engage in mediation: self-interests

- to prevent a conflict from spilling over to mediator's territory

- to allay fear of drawing powerful external actors

- to avoid taking sides

- to promote norms that enhance own security

- to expand their influence and prestige

Motives for NGOs to engage in mediation

- to fill the slack left by UN

- to enhance their positions as useful third-parties

- to reinforce their standing and reputation

Motives for conflict parties to engage in mediation

- decision on what to accept and who to accept

- to gain a favorable outcome (a way out of the conflict)

- to reduce costs of concessions and conflict

- weaker parties and stronger parties negotioations

- mulitilateral negotiations (manage complexity)

precipe

implication of impending catastrophe; probable military defeat or economic collapse.

plateau

playing upon perception to shift from combative to conciliatory

Modes of Mediation

1. Communication

2. Formulation

3. Manipulation

Communication

conduit, delivering message (passive)

Formulation

key to negotiated solution (more involved)

Manipulation

pushing / pulling from conflict into resolution (maximum involvement)

Leverage

ability to move a party in an intended direction

Persuasion

ability to portray an alternative more favourable, access to information needed / wanted

Expertise

perceived ability to produce an attractive position due to superior expertise and networks

Termination

ability to withdraw from mediation

Limitation

ability to block alternatives

Deprivation

ability to withhold and shift resources

Gratification

ability to add resources to the outcome

6 Source of Leverage

1. Persuasion

2. Expertise

3. Termination

4. Limitation

5. Deprivation

6. Gratification

Ethical dilemma in mediation

do you prioritize ceasefire or postpone settlement?

- choices between order and justice

- sequenceing has consequences

example of communication as a mode of negotiation

The negotiation between Egypt and Israel

example of formulation as a mode of negotiation

China's 12 points with Russia and Ukraine

example of manipulation as a mode of negotiation

France's intervention in Africa

Demobilization

planned process of downsizing or completely disbanding armed forces and reinsertation assistance.

Deisarmament

collection, control and disposal of small arms and light weapons and development of responsible arms management programs.

Reintegration

process whereby ex-combatants are integrated into social, economic and political life.

International peacebuilding

- preventing resumption of armed conflict

- promoting consolidation of peace

International architecture of peacebuilding

- network of international actors with shared visions of objectives and their role

- system which coordinates interests and activities

International Peacebuilding should be

- coordinated

- complementary

- coherent

Tasks of Peacebuilding Operations

- supporting ceasefire and peace processes

- DDR

- stabilizitng the economy

- employment creation and economic development

- repatriation of refugees and internally displaced persons

- responding to food insecurity and health concerns

- strengthening law and order

- promoting and facilitating democratic practices

- strengthening institutions of justice and legislation

- resuming and strengthening public service delivery

- promoting human rights and reconciliation

- addressing land reform claims

- constitutional drafting and amendments

Liberal Peacebuilding Model

top-down promotion of democracy, market-based economic reforms, modern states as driving force for building peace

- Argues that liberal states are less likely to go to war.

Top down approach

approach that is relient on external actors and international organisations (liberal peacebuilding model)

Actors in International Peacebuilding

- UN organs and agencies

- UN Security Council

- UN Secretary-General

- UN Peacebuilding Commission

- UN Secretariat units

- International financial institutions

- National development agencies

- Regional organizations

- NGOs

- National actors

Coordination Challenges in International Peacebuilding

- multiple actors with different interests

- absence of effective institutions

- division of labour and responsibility

Critical challenges and tensions according to Newman

- Durable problems

- Internal paradox of liberal peacebuilding

- Democratizing

- No response to local needs

- Externally-led state building

- Privatization

- Human security vs elite pacts

Security Approach

minimalist perspective. The goals are to not take part in future conflicts, and to avoid relapsing into conflict.

Development Approach

maximalist perspective. The goals are to utilize opportunities of DDR environment and to enable ex-combatants to become active members of civil society

2 Approaches to DDR

- Security Approach

- Development Approach

4 phases of Disarmament

1. Information collection and operational planning

2. Weapons collection

3. Stockpile management

4. Destruction

Main objectives of Demobilization

- Registering (verification)

- Counting and monitoring combatants (cantonment)

- Preparing them for discharge (counselling and transportation)

Security risk perspective in DDR

- Micro Level

- Marco Level

Micro Level (Security Risk Persepctive in DDR)

lack of income source and skilled in the use of weapons

Macro Level (Security Risk Persepctive in DDR)

group grievances and frustration

Aspects of Reintegration

- Economic

- Political

- Social

Economic (Aspects of Reintegration)

main approach and application of reintegration: equipping ex-combatants with productive skills & employment

Poltical (Aspects of Reintegration)

becoming a full part of the decision-making process

Social (Aspects of Reintegration)

balance between helping ex-combatants and communities. Distinction between community-located and community-based programs

Justice challenge in DDR

amnesty for crimes committed or compromised peacebuilding process

NGO View (Lederach 1997) (Peacebuilding by small NGOs)

- Long term project

- Process to restore & strengthen relationships

- Transform unjust institutions/systems

- Work with influential individuals, not privileging state powers & institutions

- Focus on altering citizens relationships with the state

- Liberate citizens from oppressive state and society

Peacebuilding by small NGOs

- 1992 UN Agenda for Peace

- NGO View (Lederach 1997)

- Beyond peace defined as stability (or absence of physical violence), but absence of inequalities caused by the state.

Statebuilding

focus on physical creation of institutions

Peacebuilding (difference between state- and peace building)

- focus on inclusiveness of institutions

- focus on systems ensuring power is not abused

- on accountability of those who abused power.

What is the difference between statebuilding and peacebuilding

focus on physical creation of institutions vs focus on inclusiveness of institutions, focus on systems ensuring power is not abused, on accountability of those who abused power.

Peacebuilding to state building in 1990s and 2000s

shift from smaller NGO's to IOs and bilateral donors focused on statebuilding which became the primary means to attain peace.

Statebuidling model

- Developed states from the North 'right way' formation

- Democratic, accountable, provider of services.

2 Approaches to Statebuilding

- Realist

- Liberalist

Realist

strong states abroad enhance national security by a decrease in transnational threats; statebuilding justifies foreign intervention

Liberalist

human security

Aims of statebuilding

- ensuring that government is representative of the population

- delivering services to the population

- responding to demands and needs of citizens (sustains domestic and international peace)

State according to international customary law

a given political entity possesses a permanent population, a defined territory, a government and the capacity to enter into relations with other states

State according to Weber

a human community that successfully claims the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force within a given territory

State according to Hobbes

voluntary social contract by citizens with state to give up some of their freedom in exchange for peace and security

Sectors of statebuilding and peacebuilding

- Security

- Governance

- Rule of Law

Security (Sectors of statebuilding and peacebuilding)

DDR, SSR

Governance (Sectors of statebuilding and peacebuilding)

democratization, accountability of institutions and respect for human rights

Rule of Law (Sectors of statebuilding and peacebuilding)

reforming judicial institutions, dialogues, truth and reconciliation commissions

Problems of Statebuilding

- may be apolitical and ahistrocial

- may be too bureaucratic, fragmented and projective

- may be too state centric

Emergence of SSR

reaction to the excesses of Cold War, later elaborated on by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and UN.

Early experiences with SSR

Sector as an integrated and holistic system; a project that needs resources

Objectives of SSR

- improvement of basic security and justice service delivery

- establishment of an effective governance, oversight and accountability system

- development of local leadership and ownership of reform process

1st dilemma in SSR

economic sustainability of the project: how it is going to work in weak states

2nd dilemma in SSR

difficulty of encouraging local ownership: dealing with "their-our" security institutions

3rd dilemma in SSR

state-centric and disregard of non-state layers of security and justice

Monopoly model

supports acceleration in the speed with minor deviation in the course. Linear, top-down, normative approach.

Good enough model

seeks alteration in route with roughly same destination. Pragmatic, iterative, flexible.

Hybrid model

demands a 90-degree turn and whole new destination. programming based on realistic assessment rather than normative idea.

3 schools of thought in SSR

1. Monopoly Model

2. Good enough model

3. Hybrid model

2 fallacies of the hybrid model in SSR (hybrid)

1. nature and resources of post-conflict state are capable of delivering reforms

2. post-conflict state is in practice the main actor in security and justice

Fundamental issue of SSR

nature of political order, capacity of Western donors, recipient actors

State according to Tilly

Empires and tribute-payers, city-states, territorial states and Westphalian system.

Cantonment

Counting and monitoring combatants