Speech production, and language acquisition

What is connected speech process?

Changes that happen when we speak naturally and quickly

What is the pneumonic for connected speech process?

AIR-E assimilation, insertion, reduction, elision

What is assimilation?

Process with a sound changes to resemble its neighbour more closely; sounds combined

What is insertion?

Process of adding extra sounds in between lexemes or syllables to aid articulation

What is reduction?

Process of weakening vowel sounds. Yhe unstressed vowel sounds are reduced in quality to a 'schwa' spund

What is elision?

Deletion of sound (can occur due to rapid speech)

What are the five stages of Child language acquisition CLA?

Babbling, holophrastic stage, two-word stage, telegraphic stage, multi-word stage

What is the babbling stage? When does it occur?

Repetitive consonant vowel patterns, experimenting with sounds

Age:6-12 months

What is the holophrastic stage? When does it occur?

Children begin using single open-class words, often linked to their immediate environment. Can involve over extending meaning (semantic overgeneralisation)

Age: 12-18 months

What is the two-word stage? When does it occur?

Children begin producing two-word combinations, marking the early development of syntax

Age: 18-24 months

What is the telegraphic stage? When does it occur?

Children begin forming multi-word utterances that convey clear meanings. Sentences often lack grammatical morphemes

Age: 24-30 months

What is the multi-word stage? When does it occur?

Grammatical and functional morphemes begin to appear more regularly. Sentence length increases, grammar becomes more consistent, and complex sentences appear more often

Age: 30+ months to 3+ years

What are the stages of additional language learning?

Pre-production, early production, emergence of speech, intermediate, advanced fluency, native-like

What is the pre- production stage?

- Learners absorbed sounds and words of the L2; minimal to no verbal production

- Listens more than speaks; focuses on understanding an internalising L2

- comprehension is low, but may respond with paralinguistic features

What is the early production stage?

- Vocabulary of target language begins to develop

- Begins to speak using one or two words

- May attempt phrases

- Basic comprehension

What is emergence of speech?

- Comprehension in L2 improves

- Can answer questions using simple sentences, engage in short conversations

- Grammatical and pronunciation errors are common development

What is intermediate speech fluency?

- Excellent comprehension, wider range vocabulary

- Can use complex sentence

- Conversational speech acts achievable

- Grammatical errors are minimal/self corrected

- May also begin to think in L2

What is advanced fluency?

- The proficiency, our cab is extensive

- Complex understanding development continues, challenges in complex/abstract topics

- can you use L2 in variety of context, for variety of purposes

- thinks additional language

What is native-like speech fluency?

- Level of proficiency is distinguishable from that of a native speaker

- Deep understand understanding of language, including cultural nuances, idiomatic expressions

- Pronunciation, fluency, and accuracy are nearly identical to native speakers

What is code switching?

the practice of alternating between two or more languages or varieties of language in conversation

What are the different kinds of code switching?

Inter-sentential code switching, intra-sentential code switching, extra-sentential/tag switching

What is inter-sentential code switching?

Switching at the beginning or end of a sentence

What is intra-sentential code switching?

Switching in the middle of a sentence

What is extra-sentential/tag switching?

Switching when an exclamation, tag question (question added to the end of the statement to see confirmation or expressed doubt), or parenthesis is added to a sentence

What are the different kinds of multilinguals?

Simultaneous multilinguals, sequential multilinguals, language dominance

What is simultaneous multilingualism?

Children who learn more than one native language at the same time

What is sequential multilingualism?

Children who learn a new language after acquiring their first language

What is language dominance?

Where a child develops with greater proficiency in one of their languages over the other

What are the different processes in interlanguage behaviour?

Language transfer, strategies of additional - language, communication, transfer of training, strategies of additional - language learning, overgeneralisation

What is language transfer?

Learners transfer linguistic patterns from L1 to L2

What is "strategies of additional-language communication"?

Using various skills when insufficient knowledge or understanding of L2

e.g. code switching, using approximate words

What is transfer of training?

Learns and applies incorrect patterns in L2

What is "strategies of additional language learning"?

Uses various skills in acquiring L2

e.g. self correcting, inferring meanings

What is overgeneralisation?

Morphological and semantic over generalisation generalises a language pattern to situations where it does not apply

e.g. application of suffixes " drank->drunk" not " dranks"