Plant Nutrition

Hydrogen

- Obtained from water

- Concentration : 6%

Carbon

- Obtained from atmosphere

- Concentration : 45%

Oxygen

- Obtained from water

- Concentration : 45%

Nitrogen

- Obtained from soil

- Macronutrient

- Concentration : 1.5%

- Used for : amino acids, proteins, and nucleic acids *

Potassium

- Obtained from soil

- Macronutrient

- Concentration : 1.0%

- Used for : cofactor in enzymes

- important for water balances, turgor pressure, an electroneutrality *

Calcium

- Obtained from soil

- Macronutrient

- Concentration : 0.5%

- Used for : enzymes involved in hydrolysis of ATP and phospholipids

- second messenger in metabolic regulation

Magnesium

- Obtained from soil

- Macronutrient

- Concentration : 0.2%

- Used for : enzymes in phosphate transfer

- inside chlorophyll molecule *

Phosphorus

- Obtained from soil

- Macronutrient

- Concentration : 0.2%

- Used for : sugar phosphates, nucleic acids, nucleotides *

- Has a key role in reactions that involve ATP

Sulfur

- Obtained from soil

- Macronutrient

- Concentration : 0.1%

- Used for : cysteine, cystine, methionine, and proteins

Silicon

- Obtained from soil

- Macronutrient

- Concentration : 0.1%

- Used for : Silica in cell walls *

- Cell wall rigidity and elasticity

Chlorine

- Obtained from soil

- Micronutrient

- Concentration : 100 ppm

- photosynthetic reactions involved in O2 evolution

Iron

- Obtained from soil

- Micronutrient

- Concentration : 100 ppm

- Used for : photosynthesis, N2 fixation, and respiration *

Boron

- Obtained from soil

- Micronutrient

- Concentration : 20 ppm

- Used for : cell walls

- Cell elongation and nucleic acid metabolism

Manganese

- Obtained from soil

- Micronutrient

- Concentration : 50 ppm

- Used for : dehydrogenase, decarboxylase, kinase, oxidase

Sodium

- Obtained from soil

- Micronutrient

- Concentration : 10 ppm

- Regeneration of phosphoenolpyruvate in C4 and CAM plants

Zinc

- Obtained from soil

- Micronutrient

- Concentration : 20 ppm

Copper

- Obtained from soil

- Micronutrient

- Concentration : 6 ppm

Nickel

- Obtained from soil

- Micronutrient

- Concentration : 0.1 ppm

Molybdenum

- Obtained from soil

- Micronutrient

- Concentration : 0.1 ppm

nicrosis

death of plant tissue (K mineral deficient)

Phosphate

A shortage of this marks leaves with reddish-purple color

Potash

This deficiency appears as a fraying or drying along the tips and edges of lowest leaves

Nitrogen

A shortage of this causes yellowing that starts at the tip and moves along middle of leaf

Magnesium

A shortage of this causes whitish strips along veins and often purplish color on underside of the lower leaves

H20

A shortage of this causes the curling of leaves (K mineral deficient)

Disease

This creates small yellowing spots on leaves and gradually takes over an entire leaf

ways to treat nutrient deficiencies

chemical fertilizers (13-13-13, 19-19-19), organic fertilizers (compost), and foliar sprays (nutrients that are sprayed on leaves), are all what?

92

How many naturally occurring elements are found in the form of minerals in the soil?

25%

What percentage of the soil is air?

25%

What percentage of the soil is water?

45%

What percentage of the soil is mineral particles?

5%

What percentage of the soil is organic matter?

10%, 10%, 80%

What percentage of the organic matter is organisms? roots? humus?

humus soil

decayed organic matter, which enhances soil structure and fertility

minerals being put into soil

weathering of rocks and particles liberates ions, and organic matter is broken down by microbes, leads to what?

burrowing

What helps aerate soil?

decomposers

what are microbes and fungi?

earthworms

What is one of the most important soil refiners, that also produce fertile castings?

cation exchange

This is the thing that makes clay so mineral rich, the idea that it is negatively charged (with aluminates, AlO2-, and silicates) so it attracts positively charged ions and continuously switches them out for new positively charged ions.

Ammonification

The process by which soil microbes convert organic nitrogen from dead plant and animal matter into ammonium, making it available for plant uptake.

Nitrification

oxidation of ammonia into nitrites (NO2-), the oxidized by a Nitrobacter to form nitrates (NO3-)

Denitrification

the microbial process of converting nitrates back into nitrogen gas, thereby reducing the amount of nitrogen in the soil and returning it to the atmosphere.

N2 fixation

N into ammonium, through the action of bacteria.

Nitrate

What form of nitrogen can be utilized by plants?

heterocyst

What is the nitrogen-fixing filament in cyanobacterium?

Rhyzobia

These are root nodules packed with bacteria that go inside root hairs to then create bacteroides for N2 fixation, only in legumes

leghemoglobin

O2 binding heme protein producing in part by bacteriode and part by plant, withholds O2; embeds itself within the roots cell walls, and some cells, in order to be able to cover more surface area.

Yes

Is O2 toxic to N2 fixation?

Nitrogenase fixing N2

N2 + 8 e- + 8 H+ + 16 ATP → 2 NH3 + H2 + 16 ADP + 16 Pi ; NH3 quickly protonated into NH4