Chapter 3 - Biochemical Pathways and Enzymes

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24 Terms

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Biochemical Pathway
Series of reactions catalyzed by enzymes in living organisms.
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Anabolic Pathways
Pathways that build larger molecules from smaller ones and require energy input.
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Catabolic Pathways
Pathways that break down larger molecules into smaller units, releasing energy.
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Photosynthesis
The process by which plants convert solar energy into chemical energy, occurring in chloroplasts.
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Cellular Respiration
The biochemical pathways that release energy from glucose, converting it into ATP for cellular use.
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Enzyme
A biological catalyst that speeds up biochemical reactions by lowering the activation energy required.
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Active Site
The region of the enzyme where substrates bind.
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Coenzyme
Organic non-protein substances that help enzymes facilitate reactions.
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Cofactor
General term for a non-protein that assists enzyme activity.
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Competitive Inhibition
A type of enzyme inhibition where an inhibitor competes with the substrate for the active site.
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Non-Competitive Inhibition
An inhibitor binds to an allosteric site, changing the enzyme's shape and affecting substrate binding.
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Feedback Inhibition
A regulatory mechanism where the end product of a pathway inhibits an enzyme involved earlier in the pathway.
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Activation Energy
Energy required to start a reaction.
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Denaturation
The process by which an enzyme loses its functional shape due to extreme conditions, rendering it inactive.
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Light Reactions
Convert light energy into chemical energy with oxygen released as a byproduct.
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Calvin Cycle
Uses ATP and NADPH to fix CO2 into organic molecules.
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Glycolysis
The metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate, producing ATP.
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Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
The primary energy carrier in cells.
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mRNA (Messenger RNA)
Carries genetic code from DNA to ribosomes.
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tRNA (Transfer RNA)
Brings amino acids for protein synthesis.
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rRNA (Ribosomal RNA)
Forms part of ribosomes.
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Purines and Pyrimidines
Adenine (A) and Guanine (G) are purines; Cytosine (C) and Thymine (T) are pyrimidines.
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Base Pairing Rule
A pairs with T, and C pairs with G.
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Antiparallel Nature of DNA
DNA strands run in opposite directions (5’ → 3’ and 3’ → 5’).