framework, policies, & international agreements related to drrm (mod #7)

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Executive Order (EO) #335 (April 1, 1941)

DRRM-RELATED POLICIES:

created Civilian Emergency Administration (CEA);

signed by President Manuel Quezon during the commonwealth period in anticipation of the war in Europe shifting to the Pacific;

1st real policy to safeguard civilian in grave emergencies

1. military training of the youth

2. information awareness on first aid was given in schools & other groups

3. practice air raid drills

EO 355 allowed for the strengthening of these 3 things

Civilian Emergency Administration (CEA), National Emergency Commission

UNDER EO 355:

this aims to “provide coordination and control of civilian organizations for the protection of civil population in extraordinary and emergency conditions;

was administered by the _____ _____ _____, which was chaired by a member of the President’s Cabinet, the National Defense Secretary

RA 1190 (Civil Defense Act of 1954), August 30, 1954

DRRM-RELATED POLICIES:

Pres. Ramon Magsaysay established the National Civil Defense Administration (NCDA);

inititiated the National Civil Defense Council (NCDC);

allowed for the creation of the local level civil defense councils, including provincial, city & municipal civil defense councils.

National Civil Defense Administration (NCDA)

UNDER RA 1190:

a body under the Office of the President, whose mandate, similar to EO 355 of 1941, is to “provide protection and welfare to the civilian population in times of war and other national emergencies;

advised by the National Civil Defense Council (NCDC);

later became the Office of Civil Defense (OCD),

National Civil Defense Council (NCDC)

UNDER RA 1190:

this later became the pattern for other national councils created;

est. 1954

True

TRUE OR FALSE:

Due to RA 1190, each local defense council organized their own National Defense

Presidente Decree (PD) 1566

DRRM-RELATED POLICIES:

main objective: to capacitate and reinforce the national disaster management mechanism and to create a national disaster management framework that organized a disaster preparedness program at the national and community levels;

issued by Marcos in June 11, 1978;

established the National Disaster Coordinating Council (NDCC);

PD 1566

DRRM-RELATED POLICIES:

law provided for the establishment of Disaster Coordinating Councils (DCC) in Regional, Provincial, City, Municipal & barangay levels;

included drafting of a National Calamities and Disaster Preparedness Plan

Secretary of National Defense

5 MAIN HIGHLIGHTS OF PD 1566:

this is who chaired the National Disaster Coordinating Councils (NDCC)

Office of Civil Defense

5 MAIN HIGHLIGHTS OF PD 1566:

this office was tasked to execute and monitor the implementation of the policies and programs of the NDCC, while providing secretariat support for the whole Council

False; they do

TRUE OR FALSE:

The national government usually doesn’t deploy personnel of the Armed Forces of the Philippines as responders during disasters.

RA 10121 (PDRRM Act of 2010)

DRRM-RELATED POLICIES:

signed by GMA & created the NDRRMC (renames the NDCC, but maintained most of its organizational structure);

envision a country that have “safer, adaptive and disaster-resilient communities for sustainable development.

RA 10121 (PDRRM Act of 2010)

DRRM-RELATED POLICIES:

this Act’s aim is to empower leaders and communities and to develop the “right mindset” and positive behavioral changes towards reducing and managing risks and lessening the effects of disasters;

provides the NDRRMF

The Push for a Department of Disaster Resilience (DDR)

UNDER RA 10121:

the 2026 Policy Note for RA 10121

• proposed change aims to move away from the "Council" format (which relies on multiple agencies) toward a single, centralized department with its own budget and personnel to ensure a faster, more accountability-driven response

National DRRM Framework (NDRRMF)

DRRM-RELATED FRAMEWORKS:

prioritizes on community level DRRM, focusing on the most vulnerable sectors;

recognizes the important role and strengthens capacities of local communities;

ensures broad‐based and greater participation from Civil Society;

addresses root causes of disaster risks

1. National Government

2. Local Government

3. Civil Society

4. Community

4 key players for the NDRRMF

True

TRUE OR FALSE:

The NDRMMF features the ff.:

• coherency with Hyogo Framework

• adherence to universal norms, principles, & standards of humanitarian assistance

• good governance

• empowerment of LGUs & civil society orgs (CSOs) as key partners in DRR.

• provided guidelines on the declaration of a state of calamity.

False; it does

TRUE OR FALSE:
The NDRRMF does not feature the integration of DRRM into the educational system and the implementation of the DRRM Fund (DRRMF) at the national and levels.

False; bottom-up and participatory (decentralized) disaster risk reduction

TRUE OR FALSE:

The paradigm shift of the NDDRMF includes a transition towards a top-down & centralized disaster management.

False; a reflection of people’s vulnerability

TRUE OR FALSE:
The paradigm shift of the NDDRMF considers disasters as merely a function of physical hazards.

False; integrated approach to genuine social & human dev’t to reduce disaster risk

TRUE OR FALSE:
The paradigm shift of the NDDRMF focuses on disaster response & anticipation.

Hyogo Framework for Action (2005-2015)

DRRM-RELATED FRAMEWORKS:

served as basis of RA 10121;

a plan to make the world safer from hazards;

building the resilience of nations and communities to disasters;

adopted by 168 Governments (including the Philippines) at the World Conference on Disaster Reduction, held in Kobe, Japan, (Jan 18-22, 2025)

states (countries), regional orgs & institutions, intl. orgs (including UN systemn & IFIs)

UNDER HYOGO FRAMEWORK:

key players of the Hyogo Framework

Sendai Framework for DRR (2015-2030)

DRRM-RELATED FRAMEWORKS:

adopted by World Conference on DRR (March 2015);

shift from disaster management focus (HFA) to disaster risk reduction;

scope: small-scale and large-scale, frequent and infrequent, sudden and slow-onset disasters;

Sendai Framework for DRR (2015-2020)

DRRM-RELATED FRAMEWORKS:

aims to guide the multi-hazard management of disaster risk in development at all levels as well as within and across all sectors;

• while progress is being made, global investment remains too reactive (spending on recovery) rather than proactive (spending on prevention)

True

TRUE OR FALSE:
Under the Sendai Framework (Early Warning for All, EW4All), the Philippines remains a global leader in this initiative.

1. Understanding

2. Strengthening, to manage

3. Investing

4. Enhancing disaster preparedness

4 PRIORITIES FOR ACTION OF SENDAI FRAMEWORK: (USIE)

1. ______ disaster risk

2. ______ disaster risk governance to manage disaster risk

3. ______ in disaster risk reduction for resilience

4. ______ disaster ______ for effective response and to “Build Back Better” in recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)

CLIMATE CHANGE-RELATED AGREEMENTS:

an international treaty which was ratified in 1992 by 197 parties/countries;

serves as the framework for international cooperation to combat climate change by:

• limiting average global temperature increases and the resulting climate change,

• coping with impacts of climate change

Conference of Parties (COP)

CLIMATE CHANGE-RELATED AGREEMENTS:

supreme decision-making body of the UNFCCC;

all States that are Parties to the Convention are represented in the ____;

meetings serve as venue where they review the implementation of the Convention & any other legal instruments that the COP adopts and take decisions

Kyoto Protocol

CLIMATE CHANGE-RELATED AGREEMENTS:

by 1995, COP launched negotiations to strengthen the global response to climate change, and, two years later, adopted this protocol;

legally binds developed country Parties to greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction targets of 5% cut from emission outputs in 1990

• Countries like China and India who were not considered as developed countries were excluded from having emission reduction targets because the above principle

True

TRUE OR FALSE:

The Kyoto Protocol agreement places a heavier burden on developed nations under the principle of ‘common but differentiated responsibilities.

Carbon Market

3 MECHANISMS OF KYOTO PROTOCOL:

allows countries that have emission units to spare or emissions permitted them but not "used", to sell this excess capacity to countries that have exceeded over and beyond their targets

Joint Implementation (JI) & Clean Dev't Mechanism (CDM)

UNDER MECHANISMS OF KYOTO PROTOCOL:

2 project-based mechanisms which feed the carbon market

JI

3 MECHANISMS OF KYOTO PROTOCOL:

enables industrialized countries to carry out joint implementation projects with other developed countries (usually countries with economies in transition)

Clean Dev’t Mechanism, CDM

3 MECHANISMS OF KYOTO PROTOCOL:

involves investment in sustainable development projects that reduce emissions in developing countries

False; should be CDM

TRUE OR FALSE:

The main difference between CDM and JI is that JI projects are carried out in developing countries that has no reduction obligation.

True

TRUE OR FALSE:
The Kyoto Protocol failed because:

• it was flawed from the start for non-participation of 3 countries

with the highest share of global CO2 emissions: China, India and US.

• only 21 countries mostly minor emitters met their targets (e.g. Latvia, Lithuania,

Romania and Ukraine, combined account for only about 1% CO2 emissions).

• many countries failed to live up to their commitments to stay with the agreement.

mechanism on how to measure a country’s GHG emissions was developed

UNDER KYOTO PROTOCOL:

this is the main contribution of the Kyoto Protocol;

paved way for testing mechanisms like emissions ratings and systems of accounting these

Paris Accord

CLIMATE CHANGE-RELATED AGREEMENTS:

this seeks to accelerate actions and investment needed for a sustainable low carbon future;

aims to strengthen the ability of countries to deal with the impacts of climate change

< 2 °C, 1.5 °C

CENTRAL AIMS OF THE PARIS ACCORD:

1. keeping a global temperature rise this century _____ degrees C above pre-industrial levels

2. pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase even further to _____ degrees C

Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs)

UNDER THE PARIS ACCORD:

The 187 countries responsible for more than 97 % of the world’s climate pollution announced specific reduction plans known as _________

The First Global Stocktake (COP28, 2023)

UNDER PARIS ACCORD:

findings of this include:

• Off-Track: world is currently not on track to limit warming to 1.5°C.

• Fossil Fuel Transition: For the first time, nearly 200 countries agreed to "transition away from fossil fuels" in energy systems.

• Triple Renewables: A global goal was set to triple renewable energy capacity by 2030.

The Loss and Damage Fund (LDF), 2024

UNDER PARIS ACCORD:

this purpose is to provide financial assistance to "vulnerable developing nations" (like the Philippines) to recover from climate impacts that cannot be avoided through adaptation;

the fund's board held its 7th meeting in Philippines in 2025

• as of 2026, the fund has begun its first round of project distributions to help communities displaced by sea-level rise and extreme storms