easy ahh anatomy test

How many levels of structural organization are there in the human body?

There are 6 levels of structural organization: chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and organism.

What is the difference between anatomy and physiology?

Anatomy is the study of the structure of body parts, while physiology is the study of how those parts function and work together.

What is the first level of structural organization?

The chemical level (atoms).

What does the anatomical term 'cervical' refer to?

The neck region.

What is the anatomical position and why is it used?

It is a standard body position (standing upright, facing forward, arms at sides, palms forward) used to provide a consistent reference point for describing body parts.

In anatomical terms, the heart is ________ to the stomach.

Superior.

Which anatomical term describes a structure located closer to the head?

Superior.

What is the main function of serous membranes in body cavities?

To reduce friction between moving organs.

Which epithelial tissue is specialized for secretion?

Simple cuboidal epithelium.

Where is keratinized epithelium mainly found?

On the skin surface.

What is the basic functional unit of compact bone?

The osteon.

How do canaliculi contribute to the function of bone tissue?

They enable communication and nutrient exchange between osteocytes.

What type of tissue is found in the lungs?

Simple squamous epithelium.

What are the characteristics of simple squamous epithelium?

It consists of a single layer of flattened cells with an oval nucleus.

Which tissue type lines passageways that open to the external environment?

Mucous membrane.

What is the role of synovial fluid in joints?

It reduces friction and nourishes the cartilage.

What is a primary function of connective tissue?

Binding and supporting other tissues.

Which type of connective tissue is characterized by a liquid matrix?

Blood.

What is the primary function of the skeletal system?

Providing support, protection, and movement for the body.

What is the function of osteoclasts?

They are cells responsible for breaking down bone tissue.

What is the function of osteocytes?

They maintain bone tissue.

What is the process called when damaged tissue is replaced with the same cell type through cell division?

Regeneration.

Which type of tissue primarily makes up scar tissue during healing?

Collagen fibers.

How is the overall severity of a burn injury determined?

By the depth of the burn and the total body surface area affected.

What is the relationship between osteoblasts and osteoclasts during bone remodeling?

Osteoblasts build new bone while osteoclasts break down old bone.

What is the effect of physical activity on bone density?

Physical activity strengthens bones and increases bone density.

Which cells are responsible for longitudinal bone growth at the epiphyseal plate?

Chondrocytes.

What is the primary purpose of appositional growth?

To increase bone width and thickness.

What condition is characterized by excessive longitudinal and appositional bone growth due to excess growth hormone?

Gigantism.

What role does testosterone play in bone growth?

It accelerates the closure of the epiphyseal plate.

What type of cartilage is replaced during endochondral ossification?

Hyaline cartilage.

Why does cartilage in the diaphysis begin to calcify during early endochondral ossification?

To restrict nutrient diffusion, causing chondrocytes to die.

Which component of the extracellular matrix (ECM) provides strength to connective tissue?

Collagen fibers.

How does ground substance contribute to the function of connective tissue?

By allowing nutrients and waste to diffuse between cells and blood vessels.

What are the five classifications of bone by shape?

Long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid.

What three main components make up the skeletal system?

Bone, cartilage, and ligaments.

Which bone is located in the upper arm?

Humerus.

Which bone structure protects the brain?

The skull.

What are the three layers of connective tissue in muscle?

Epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium.

What is the plasma membrane of a skeletal muscle fiber called?

Sarcolemma.

Which two filaments form the crossbridge during muscle contraction?

Myosin and actin.

What is the first physiologic event of skeletal muscle contraction?

Muscle fiber excitation.

What is the immediate source of energy for muscle contraction?

ATP.

What is the process of breaking down glucose without oxygen called?

Glycolysis.

Which muscle fibers specialize in providing ATP through aerobic cellular respiration?

Oxidative fibers.

How can a muscle increase its tension without adding more motor units?

By increasing the frequency of neural stimulation to allow for summation.

What is the role of calcium ions in skeletal muscle contraction?

They bind to troponin to move tropomyosin away from the binding sites on actin.

What is a fascicle?

A bundle of muscle fibers.

What is muscle hypertrophy?

An increase in the size of muscle fibers.

Which formed element of blood is primarily responsible for oxygen transport?

Erythrocytes.

What is the main function of platelets?

Assisting in blood clotting to prevent blood loss.

What is hemostasis?

The process of stopping bleeding.

Where does hematopoiesis primarily occur in young children?

In the spongy bone of most bones.

Why are older adults more prone to anemia?

Due to a decrease in red bone marrow and/or hemoglobin levels.

Which structure carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs?

Pulmonary trunk.

Which blood vessel is primarily responsible for the exchange of gases, nutrients, and wastes between blood and body tissue?

Capillaries.

Where is the heart located in the body?

The heart is positioned posterior to the sternum, left of the body midline, between the lungs within the mediastinum.

How do the structures of the pericardial sac protect the heart?

The fibrous pericardium and parietal layer together create a loose, protective sac that supports and cushions the heart.

What term refers to the contraction phase of a heart chamber during the cardiac cycle?

Systole.

During which phase of the cardiac cycle do the ventricles reach their maximum volume (end diastolic volume)?

At the end of atrial systole.

What structures are found within intercalated discs of cardiac muscle cells?

Desmosomes and gap junctions.

Why are cardiac muscles highly resistant to fatigue?

They contain a high number of mitochondria and abundant oxygen-binding myoglobin.

Where is the atrioventricular (AV) node located?

In the floor of the right atrium between the right AV valve and the coronary sinus opening.

How does sympathetic stimulation affect heart function?

It increases both heart rate and the force of contraction.

What is the approximate resting membrane potential of an SA nodal cell?

-60 mV.

How does the 'pacemaker potential' in SA nodal cells differ from the resting membrane potential of a typical neuron?

It involves a gradual increase in voltage toward the threshold without external stimulation.

During which ECG segment does the atrial plateau occur?

PQ segment.

What is crossbridge formation?

The process where myosin heads attach to actin filaments.

What does diastole refer to?

The relaxation phase of a heart chamber.

What does isovolumic relaxation involve?

A phase where there is no change in ventricular blood volume while the heart relaxes.

What factors determine cardiac output?

Heart rate and stroke volume.

How does cardiac output typically change during exercise?

It increases due to a higher heart rate and stroke volume.

Which structure in the respiratory system is primarily responsible for gas exchange?

Alveoli.

What happens when the diaphragm contracts during breathing?

The thoracic cavity expands, decreasing pressure and causing air to move into the lungs.

What are the three regions of the pharynx?

Nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.

Why does airflow through the nasal conchae improve the conditioning of inhaled air?

It slows and swirls the air, allowing more time for warming and humidification.

Which structure is the first to contain alveoli and participate in gas exchange?

Respiratory bronchioles.

How would a decrease in pulmonary surfactant affect alveolar function?

It would increase surface tension, making alveoli more likely to collapse.

Which structure is responsible for filtering blood to form urine in the kidney?

Nephron.

What is the primary function of the loop of Henle?

To concentrate urine by reabsorbing water and ions.

Which structure carries blood vessels and nerves into the center of a bone?

Perforating (Volkmann's) canal.

What is the primary function of canaliculi within compact bone?

Enabling communication and nutrient exchange between osteocytes.