Exercise science chapter 8-11

Metabolic cart

Device that measures inhaled and exhaled air volumes

Extrinsic motivation

Behavior performed to obtain a reward that originates outside the individual.

Thermotherapy

Application of heat or cold to tissues to promote recovery and reduce pain.

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)

A protein that supports survival of existing neurons and encourages growth of new ones

Intrinsic motivation

Behavior performed for personal satisfaction and enjoyment

Static biomechanics

Study of forces and moments acting on bodies that are at rest or moving at constant velocity.

Pulse oximeter

Non‑invasive sensor that determines the proportion of oxygen‑bound hemoglobin in the bloodstream.

Summary knowledge of results (KR)

Feedback given after a block of attempts

Force platform

Stationary device that captures vertical

Deformation

Alteration of an object's shape under load

Electromyography (EMG)

Technique that records electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles

Depression (exercise context)

A pervasive low mood and withdrawal that is mitigated by regular aerobic or resistance training.

Acceleration

The rate of change in velocity

TENS

Electrical stimulation delivered through the skin to interfere with pain signal transmission.

Stimulus recognition

The initial stage of information processing where environmental cues are detected and identified.

Neuroprotective effects of exercise

Enhancement of brain health through increased neurotrophic factors

Frontal plane

Vertical slice that separates the body into front and back portions

External forces

Influences on the body originating outside

Fading knowledge of results (KR)

A feedback strategy that progressively reduces the frequency of information as proficiency improves.

Cartesian coordinate system

A three‑dimensional reference framework using perpendicular axes (x

Spirometer

Instrument that assesses the efficiency of breathing by recording lung volumes and gas exchange rates.

Response selection

The decision‑making stage that determines which action should follow the recognized stimulus.

Cognitive reserve

The brain's resilience to pathology

Whirlpool tub

Therapeutic basin that circulates temperature‑controlled water around an injured area for soothing effects.

Arousal

Physiological and psychological activation level that influences how well a person performs a task.

Open‑loop control

Movement execution based on a preplanned command without reliance on feedback

Anxiety (exercise context)

A state of uneasiness about uncertain future events that can be lessened through both short‑term and long‑term physical activity.

Challenge point

The specific difficulty level at which learning is maximized; tasks that are too easy or too hard reduce instructional effectiveness.

Task complexity

The amount of mental processing required to execute a movement

Reaction time

The interval between stimulus presentation and the initiation of a response

Sagittal plane

Vertical slice that divides the body into left and right halves

DEXA scan

Imaging method that quantifies bone mineral density

Contextual interference

The disruptive effect of mixing multiple tasks within a single session

Closed‑loop control

Movement regulation that relies on real‑time sensory input to adjust actions during execution

Linear motion

Movement in which all points travel in the same direction

Sports biomechanics purposes

Goals include refining technique

Inverted‑U (Yerkes‑Dodson) law

Describes an optimal activation range where performance peaks; lower or higher levels lead to poorer outcomes.

Response programming

The final stage where the chosen action is organized into a motor command for execution.

Repeated practice

Practice schedule with the same task performed consecutively

Angular motion

Rotation of a body around a fixed axis

Transverse plane

Horizontal slice that partitions the body into upper and lower sections

Multistore memory model

A framework describing sequential stages of sensory storage

Variable practice

Practice schedule that alters task conditions

Therapeutic ultrasound

Use of high‑frequency sound waves to stimulate tissue repair and increase blood flow.

Dynamic biomechanics

Analysis of forces and motions when bodies are accelerating or decelerating.

Drive theory

Proposes a linear relationship between activation level and performance