Bio 1106 Exam 3 Review

Hydrostatic Skeleton

Has a fluid-filled central cavity which creates movement through contractions and relaxations

Exoskeleton

A rigid outer covering protecting internal organs

Endoskeleton

A rigid internal framework that protects inner organs

Osteocytes

Bone cells

Osteoblasts

Make bone

Osteocytes

Maintain bone

Osteoclasts

Break down bone and reabsorb it

Haversian system

Network of calcified non-cellular matrix with osteocytes, nerves, capillaries, and lymphatic vessels

Cartilage

Tough, flexible, produced and maintained by chondrocytes, avascular

Skeletal Muscles are composed of:

Bundles of muscle fibers, hundreds of myofibrils, and myofilaments for contraction

Sarcomeres

Repeating unit of skeletal/cardiac muscle composed of actin and myosin (thin and thick) filaments that slide past each other during contraction

Z-lines

Boundaries for sarcomeres, actin attachment sites

A-band

Dark central region of a sarcomere containing myosin and actin; no length change during contraction

I-band

Light region with only actin

H-zone

Center of A-band on a sarcomere with only myosin

M-line

Center of sarcomere where myosin attaches

Titin

Elastic protein connecting M-line and Z-line

Summation

Muscle twitches combine to increase force

Incomplete tetanus

Smooth, powerful, sustained contraction

Complete tetanus

Maximum tension, no relaxation

Slow twitch

Aerobic, need many capillaries and mitochondria, high myoglobin concentration, darker red, resists fatigue, for endurance

Fast twitch

Anaerobic, less capillaries and mitochondria, low myoglobin concentration, white, fatigue, for short power

Mouth → pharynx → esophagus → stomach → small and large intestines → anus

Digestive Pathway

Accessory organs

Liver, gall bladder, salivary glands, and pancreas produce digestive enzymes

Mucosa

Innermost tissue, epithelial, secretes mucus, absorbs digestion end products into the blood, protects from foreign invaders and disease

Submucosa

Connective tissue, has blood, lymphatic vessels, and nerve fibers

Muscularis

Smooth muscle, has a circular and longitudinal layer, moves food through the canal, circular layer is responsible for sphincter muscles

Serosa

Epithelial covering that protects the canal from abrasions

Pharynx

Tongue moves the bolus to the ___

Soft palate, breathing

___ seals off the nasal cavity and ___ is paused

Involuntary swallowing reflex

Bolus passes the soft palate and ___ is initiated

Larynx, Epiglottis, Esophagus, Trachea

___ rises and is sealed off by the ___, leading the bolus to the ___ instead of the ___

Relaxes

Bolus goes to the esophagus and the larynx ___

Peristalsis

Longitudinal and circular layers work in conjunction to move the bolus through the esophagus in one direction (towards the stomach)

Esophageal sphincter, heartburn

Bolus goes through the ___ before going to the stomach, which allows food into the stomach but rarely out. If the acidic stomach contents exit, ___ is caused.

Convoluted

The stomach is highly ___

Gastric juice, mucus, HCl, pepsin

Inside of the stomach is a combination of bolus and ___, which consists of ___, ___, and ___

Denatures, live organisms, pepsinogen, pepsin

The stomach’s acidic environment 1. ___ proteins, 2. kills any ingested ___ like bacteria, and 3. converts inactive enzyme ___ to active enzyme ___.

Pepsinogen, HCl

Chief cells secrete ___, parietal cells secrete ___

Mucosa

Where some absorption of water and alcohol occurs in the stomach

Chyme

The 3 muscular layer of the stomach churn food and mix it with gastric juice until it becomes ___

Pyloric sphincter, duodenum

Chyme leaves the stomach through the ___ and enters the ___ (first part of small intestine)

Duodenum

10 inches, enzymes from pancreas and bile from gall bladder enter and break down proteins/fats

Jejunum

3 ft, digestion continues, adapted to absorption of nutrients

Ileum

6 ft, absorbs remaining nutrients

Villi

Folds in the mucosal lining, covered with microvilli

Microvilli

Extensions of the plasma membrane, look like brush bristles under a microscope

Brush border enzymes

Aid in digestion of carbs, proteins, and fatty acids

Pancreas

Most important accessory organ, between stomach and duodenum

Pancreatic juice

Pancreas secretes ___ through the pancreatic duct

Bicarbonate ions, chyme

Pancreas releases ___ to neutralize ___

Liver

Largest internal organ, most metabolically active

Detoxification, protein, glycogen, bile

Liver aids in ___, ___ synthesis, ___ storage, and ___ production

Bile pigments

Waste products from broken down RBCs

Bile salts

Emulsify or disperse clumped lipids

Bile

Gall bladder is responsible for ___ storage

Fatty food, endocrine, bile

The arrival of ___ into the duodenum triggers a neural and ___ reflex that stimulates the injection of ___ into the duodenum

Directly, cecum, appendix

Small intestine empties ___ into the large intestine at a junction where the ___ and ___ are

Water, electrolytes, symbiotic bacterial metabolism, compact

LI functions to absorb last remaining ___/___/products of ___; ___feces for expulsion

Rectum, sphincter

Compacted feces enter___ where 2 ___ muscles control expulsion

Bile pigments

Control color in feces

Bacterial compounds

control smell in feces

Gastrin

Response to protein, targets chief and parietal cells

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Response to fatty chyme, targets gall bladder and pancreas

Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (GIP)

Response to fatty chyme, targets stomach

Secretin

Response to acid, targets pancreas

Leptin, insulin

Long-term control related to levels of ___ and ___ (-)

CCK, GIP, Ghrelin

Short-term control related to levels of ___, ___ (-), and ___ (+)

Largest, fermentation, cellulose, FA

Rumen is the ___ chamber, is a microbial ___ vat, and is responsible for ___ breakdown and ___ production

Filter, regurgitation, chewing

Reticulum is the ___ and separates large particles for ___ and further ___ (cud)

Leaf-like, removes

Omasum has ___ folds, and ___ water and nutrients

True, gastric acid, proteins

Abomasum is the ___ stomach and uses ___ and enzymes to break down ___

Transportation, regulation, regulatory hormones, protection

The circulatory system is responsible for ___ of metabolic materials, ___ of body systems by carrying ___ throughout the body, and ___ for mechanical wounds and invading pathogens

Plasma

___ circulates formed elements throughout the body

Erythrocytes

Red blood cells

Leukocytes

White blood cells

Platelets

Cell fragments that have a role in blood clotting

Hematopoiesis, hematopoietic

The continuous process of creating new blood cellular components from ___ stem cells (HSCs)

Erythropoietin, RBC production

When O2 levels are low, kidneys release ___, which stimulates ___ (erythropoiesis)

Open circulatory system

Hemolymph flows freely

Closed circulatory system

Blood stays in vessels

Plasma

Largest component of blood

RBCs

Second largest component of blood

WBCs, platelets

Smallest components of blood

Sinoatrial node

Heart beats in a coordinated way using electrical signals from the ___ (pace maker)

Atria, atrioventricular, Purkinje, ventricles

Electrical signals travel through the ___, ___ node, ___ fibers, to the ___

Systolic, diastolic

Blood pressure is measured as ___ (contraction) over ___ (relaxation)

Hypertension

high blood pressure

Arteries

Carry blood away from heart

Capillaries

Vessels that exchange gases, nutrients, and wastes

Veins

Return blood to heart, aided by valves and muscle contractions

Lymphatic, lymph nodes, bloodstream

The ___ system collects lymph fluid from leaked plasms and filters it through the ___ and returns it to the ___

Single-celled organisms

Allow gases to diffuse directly in or out

Amphibians

Allow diffusion across the skin in highly vascular areas

Echinoderms

Use papulae to increase SA for diffusion

Insects

Respire through extensive tracheal systems

Gills

Very efficient respiratory organs in fish

Mammal

Use alveoli within lungs for gas exchange

Plasma membrane

Gas exchange always occurs across a ___

R = (DA<p)/d

Fick’s Law of Diffusion