CHEM 3410-01 Examination #4 Review

Flashcards covering the comprehensive outline for CHEM 3410-01 Examination #4, focusing on biochemistry, thermodynamics of water, amino acids, proteins, and molecular biology.

Water

A substance that plays an essential role in biochemical processes and has specific nature and properties.

Henderson-Haselbach equations

Equations used for the preparations of buffers, calculating salt concentrations, and identifying buffering capacity, relating $pH$, $pOH$, $pKa$, and $Ka$.

Equilibrium constants

Constants used in expressions that relate to the rates of biochemical reactions.

Reaction Orders

A determination made by writing the rates of forward and reverse chemical reactions.

Amino Acid Charge Factors

The properties $pH$, $pOH$, and $pKa$, which affect the charges on amino acids.

Peptide bonds

Bonds between amino acids characterized by a resonance nature and specific interactions with other amino acids.

Essential and non-essential amino acids

The two categories of amino acids based on nutritional requirement and their acid-based characteristics or polarity.

Strong acids and bases

Chemical species contrasted with weak acids and bases in biochemical nature.

Carbohydrate classification

Grouping of sugars including enantiomers, diastereomers, epimers, and anomers.

Glycogen

A carbohydrate structure used for storage in cells.

Protein Structure Levels

The primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary forms of proteins, including the forces that help stabilize them.

Alpha chains and beta-chains

Specific structural components within protein forms.

Membrane Fluidity

The state of cell membranes defined by motions and factors that affect the assembly of respective components.

Flipping, flopping, and scrambling

The specific motions or movements of macromolecules in cell membranes.

Triacylglycerols and phospholipids

Types of lipids characterized by fatty acids, which can be essential, nonessential, saturated, or unsaturated.

Allosteric enzymes and effectors

Specific types of enzymes and the molecules that impact their activity.

Lock & key and induced fit

The two mechanisms described for enzyme action.

Michaelis-Menton and Lineweaver Burk plots

Graphical representations used to identify differences in enzyme kinetics and mechanisms.

Transcription and Translation

Key processes in protein synthesis involving initiation, elongation, and termination.

RNA-splicing

A process in protein synthesis involving introns and the modification of genetic code transcripts.

Codon and anticodon

Components of the genetic code involved in the interaction between mRNA and tRNA.

tRNA, mRNA, and rRNA

Different types of RNA involved in translation and protein synthesis.

Myoglobin and hemoglobin

Specialized proteins designed for oxygen transport.

DNA complementarity

The property of DNA structures where strands correspond to each other.

DNA & RNA polymerases

Enzymes responsible for DNA and RNA polymerization respectively during replication and transcription.