Vet 113 Chapter 3

Osteoblasts

bone forming cells

osteoclast

bone-destroying cells

osteocyte

mature bone cell

epiphysis

end of a long bone

diaphysis

shaft of a long bone

-physis

growth

periosteum

outer covering of bone

endosteum

lines the medullary cavity

cartilage

a connective tissue that is more flexible than bone and that protects the ends of bones and keeps them from rubbing together

3 types of cartilage

elastic, fibrous, articular

meniscus

fibrous cartilage found in some joints. provides additional cushioning to the joint.

functions of bones

support, protection, movement, blood cell formation

joints

aid in movement of the body

joints movement classifications

synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis

synarthrosis joint

immovable joint

diarthrosis joint

freely movable joint

amphiarthrosis joint

slightly movable joint

ball and socket joint

shoulder and hip

condyloid joint

carpal bones

pivot joint

atlas and axis

hinge joint

elbow and knee

gliding joint

vertebrae

saddle joint

thumb

ligament

connects bone to bone

tendon

connects muscle to bone

bursa

a fibrous sac between certain tendons and bones that helps reduce friction

synovial membrane

lines the capsule and secretes synovial fluid

axial skeleton

portion of the skeletal system that consists of the skull, hyoid bones, rib cage, sternum and vertebral column

appendicular skeleton

consists of the extremities, shoulder and pelvic girdle

cranium

the portion of the skull that encloses the brain

sinuses

air-filled spaces in the skull that open into the nasal cavity

bones of the cranium

frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal

brachycephalic skull

having a short, wide head

mesocephalic skull

condition of having a head of medium proportions

dolichocephalic skull

long narrow head

facial bones

bones of the face: mandible, maxillary, nasal, palatine, and zygomatic

sections of the vertebral column

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal

manubrium of sternum

first sternebra

xiphoid process of sternum

last sternebra

common name of the carpus in the horse

knee

names for first phalanx on a horse

proximal phalanx, long pastern

names for second phalanx on a horse

middle phalanx, short pastern

names for third phalanx on a horse

distal phalanx, coffin bone

common name of the metacarpal bone on a horse

cannon bone (front leg)

common name for the metatarsal bone on a horse

cannon bone (back leg)

name of the bones on the back side of the metacarpal/metatarsal bones on a horse

splint bones

name of the bones and joints of the front limb of a dog in order

scapula, shoulder, humerus, elbow, radius/ulna, carpus, metacarpus, phalanges

name of the bones and joints of the rear limb of a dog in order

Pelvis, hip, femur, knee/stifle, tibia/fibula, tarsus/hock, metatarsus, phalanges

3 bones of the pelvis

ilium, ischium, pubis

Acetabulum

large socket in the pelvic bone for the head of the femur

arthrocentesis

surgical puncture of a joint to remove fluid

arthrography

injection of a joint with contrast material for radiographic examination

arthroscopy

visual examination of the joint using a fiberoptic scope

radiology

study of internal body structures after exposure to ionizing radiation

ankylosis

the loss or absence of mobility in a joint due to disease, injury, or a surgical procedure

arthralgia

joint pain

arthritis

inflammation condition of a joint

arthrodynia

joint pain

arthropathy

joint disease

Bursitis

inflammation of a bursa

chondromalacia

abnormal softening of cartilage

chrondropathy

cartilage disease

Discospondylitis

inflammation of the intervertebral disc and vertebrae

hip dysplasia

abnormal development of the pelvic joint causing the head of the femur and the acetabulum not to be aligned properly

interverterbral disc disease (IVDD)

rupture or protrusion of the disc resulting in pressure on the spinal cord and nerve roots (herniated/ruptured disc)

Luxation

dislocation or displacement of a bone from its joint

myeloma

tumor of the bone marrow

ostealgia

bone pain

oseitis

inflammation of the bone

Osteoarthritis

degenerative joint disease commonly associated with aging or wear and tear on the joints

Osteochondrosis

degeneration or necrosis of bone and cartilage followed by regeneration or recalcification

osteomalacia

abnormal softening of bones

Osteomyelitis

inflammation of bone and bone marrow

osteonecrosis

death of bone tissue

Osteoporosis

abnormal condition of marked loss of bone density and an increase in bone porosity

osteosclerosis

abnormal hardening of bone

periostitis

inflammation of the periosteum or the covering that surrounds the bone

rheumatoid arthritis

autoimmune disorder of the connective tissues and joints

spondylitis

inflammation of the vertebrae

spondylosis

any degenerative disorder of the vertebrae

spur

bony projection growing out of a bone

subluxation

partial dislocation or displacement of a bone from its joint

synovitis

inflammation of the synovial membrane of a joint

callus

bulging deposit around the area of a bone fracture that may eventually become bone

crepitation

crackling sensation that is felt and heard when broken bones move together

Immobilization

the act of holding, suturing, or fastening the bone in a fixed position with strapping or a cast

manipulation

attempted realignment of the bone involved in a fracture or dislocation

closed fracture (simple)

break that does not penetrate the skin

comminuted fracture

fracture in which the bone is splintered or crushed

compression fracture of

occurs when the bone is pressed together on itself

fracture

broken bone

greenstick fracture

bone that is broken only on one side and the other side is bent; also called incomplete fracture

oblique fracture

bone break in which fracture line runs along an angle to shaft of the bone

open fracture (compound fracture)

broken bone has come through the skin

spiral fracture

a fracture in which the bone has been twisted apart

stress fracture

broken bone caused by repetitive local stress on a bone

transverse fracture of

broken bone that is broken at right angles to its axis or straight across the bone

amputation

a surgical removal of all or part of a limb

craniotomy

surgical incision or opening into the skull

external fixation

alignment of bone maintained by immobilizing the bone near the fracture through the use of casts. splints, or external fixators (rods or pins)