AP World Unit 2

What was mostly traded along silk roads?

Luxury Goods

Why did trade increase under Mongolian rule?

They made the roads safer, repaired roads, and developed good infastructure

What was the period of Mongolian safety/peace?

Pax Mongolica

What economic factor increased trade?

Banks, paper currency, and bills of exchange/flying money

What travel inventions increased trade?

Saddles which made riding camels more comfortable and Caravansarais which were inns where culture and trade could happen. They were rest stops. And magnetic compass

What goods went west?

Silk(used as money), porcelain, and gunpowder

What goods went east?

Horses bc they were stronger and faster, grapes & wine, glassware, and textiles

What is Samarkand

A major stopping point along the silk road that became a center of culture and learning

How did religion diffuse?

Buddhism from India to China and Islam across Central asia

What were Mongolians?

Nomadic Pastoralists who were expert horsemen and archers

How did mongolians conquer so much land?

With psychological warfare(raped many, killed many but left just a few to tell the story, would throw decapitated heads into cities). Advanced bows and skilled cavalry (every soldier was an expert), and had good engineers

What did Genghis Khan’s grandkids to do the land?

Split it into four Khanates: Yuan Dynasty in china, Ilkhanate in Persia/middle east, Golden Horde in Russia, and Chagatai Khanate in Central asia. Each Khanate adopted local customs

How was the mongolian governence like?

Had centralized power, were religiously tolerant, and had a Yam system(pony express/relay system for communication and trade)

What did the trade on the silk roads spread health wise?

Medical knowledge and the black death

What three technologies were traded through the silk road that changed the world?

Paper, magnetic compass, and gunpowder

What was the Abbasid Caliphate

In the middle east, its a muslim empire and a hub of learning

What was traded over the Indian Ocean and why?

Bulk goods because they had a ship to carry more stuff and it was easier to go by sea so it allowed for less valuable stuff to be traded

Why did people start trading over the Indian Ocean?

Because the Mongolian Empire fragmented and didn’t exist anymore so there was less safety in the Silk Roads

How did trade effects over the silk roads and the indian ocean contrast?

The indian ocean connected more people than the silk roads

How did people travel over the Indian ocean?

With the monsoon winds which were predictable and seasonal. Since the winds were predictable, there was less risk so more trade

What maritime innovations increased trade?

Lateen sail which allowed boats to catch wind from any direction and sail to any direction. Astrolobe which was an instrument to calculate latitude at sea, Stern rubber which made ships easier to steer, and larger ships like chinese junks and arab dhows to carry cargo

What big two things drove trade

Gold and salt

Which states rised to fame and wealth and how?

Swahili city-states on the east african coast like Kilwa were major trading centers. Sultunate of Malacca because they controlled a critical chokepoint and could tax a lot. And Mali because of taxes and trade.

What was traded from southeast asia?

Nutmeg, cloves, and cinnamon/spices.

T or F:Spices were exotic

True

What was traded from India?

High quality cotton textiles

What was traded from East africa?

Ivory, slaves, and timber

What was traded from China?

Silk and porcelain

What are diasporic communities?

Groups of people living in a foreign place but maintain cultural identity

What caused the creation of diasporic communities?

Merchants would wait months for monsoon winds to change so they settled in new places

What are two examples of diasporic communities?

Arab and persian merchants in East asia; Chinese merchants in southeast asia

How did Islam spread?

Through peaceful merchants, not conquest

What is the language of swahili?

A lingua franca. Blend of bantu and arabic

Who is Zheng He and what did he do?

A great chinese world explorer. Sent by Ming dynasty and enrolling states in China’s tributary system, China’s travel tech spread to the places he visited (navigation tools and shipbuilding method) His voyages showed China’s power in trade/cultural networks

What was the effect of diasporic communities?

Spread Islam and spread the exchange of bulk-goods.

What effect did Mansa Musa have on the economy of Cairo and other regions and for Mali?

He crashed the economy because he brought so much gold. His voyages put Mali on the map

What did Islam do for rulers in West Africa?

Let them solidify their power

What is Timbiktu?

A major center of Islam scholarship and learning

Where were camels used more and where were horses used more?

Camels were used more in the sahara and horses in eurasia

What did the trade of Goldfor salt do?

Created immense wealth and led to the rise of Mali and the peaceful spread of Islam into West africa

What did europe do to chinese goods

They improved chinese tech

What was marco polo’s motivation?

Commerce and profit

What was the effect Marco Polo had?

Gave europeans a detailed look into the wealth of china

Who was Ibn Battuta?

A muslim scholar and jurist from Morocco. Traveled Dar-al-Islam.

What was Ibn Battuta’s motivation

To see the Muslim world and study Islamic law

What was the impact of Ibn Battuta?

Gives us a detailed picture of the diversity of Islamic cultures

Who was Margery Kempe and what did she do?

A christian mystic from England. She traveled holy sites like Jerusalem and Rome

What was margery kempe’s motivation and impact?

Religious pilgramage was her motivation. Her book was one of the first english autobiographies and gives a rare look into the life of a middle-class european woman.

What did trade do environmentally

Diffused crops and diffused disease

What were key crops that were traded?

Bananas:Came to africa from southeast asia which allowed for expansion into forested regions. Sugar and citrus: Spread through Dar-al-Islam to the mediterranean

What effect did the diffusion of key crops have?

Made diets more diverse so people were healthier and lived longer

How was the bubonic plague carried?

By fleas on rats which taveled on merchant ships

What did the plague allow?

Moe social mobility so you could move up in classes, higher wages were demanded since workers were rare and this ended the feudal system

What did all three trading networks depend on

Stable larger states for protection: Silk roads-mongolian empire, Indian ocean-trading cities like swahili states, and trans saharan- empire like Mali and Songhai

What different technologies were essential for the three networks?

Silk roads:Caravanserai, Indian ocean:Maritime tech, Trans-saharan:Camels and saddles

Which networks spread buddhism?

Silk roads

Which networks spread Islam?

Indian ocean and trans-saharan

What powerful trading city emerged bc of silk roads?

Kashgar

What is an example of a city that rose because of trade routes? (Wealthier and more urbanized) Why did it rise?

Hangzhou in China. It rose because it was at one end of the grand canal, which facilitated trade

What is an example of a city that fell because of trade routes? Why did it fall?

Baghdad fell because it was on a trade route where militaries would use to travel so mongol armies destroyed it

What exchanges did the mongol empire facilitate? Give examples

Technological ones (Greek and Islamic medical knowledge) and cultural ones (adoption of Uyghur script so other nations adopted too)