BIO-335 Exam #2

Animals

Are fungi more closely related to animals or plants in the ancestral tree?

Chitin

The second most abundant polysaccharide on the planet.

• Makes up exoskeleton of arthropods and cell walls of fungi

No

Does fungi contain chlorophyll?

Hyphae

A single fungal filament/cell

• Long and thread like

Mycelia

A collection of hyphae

• Fungal tissue

Mycotoxins

What do fungi produce for digestion that can have alternate effects to humans etc., if ingested?

• Can be hallucinogenic (Fly and agaric)

Ecological Significance of Fungi

• Fungi benefit because they feed on soluble sugars made by tree through photosynthesis

• Tree benefits because fungi increase the surface area for absorption of water and nutrients and can provide some protection against harmful micro-organisms.

Decomposer

What is the main role of fungi in the ecosystem?

Zygotic Meiosis

What lifecycle do fungi undergo?

Chytridiomycota

This fungus’s outbreaks have major effects on populations of reptiles and amphibians. What is the phylum?

• Timber Rattlesnakes in NY

Zygomycota

This fungus is the typical mold, such as bread mold, athlete’s foot, black mold, etc. What is the phylum?

Ascomycota

This fungus includes

• Single-celled organisms (yeasts) that live in colonies, are anaerobic, and reproduce asexually via budding

• Cup fungi that form fruiting bodies that are cup-shaped

Causes white-nose syndrome on bats

What is the phylum?

Basidiomycota

This fungus includes the typical mushrooms found at the grocery store that we commonly consume. What is the phylum?

Monokaryotic

Cells with one nucleus

Dikaryotic

Cells with two nuclei

Karyogamy

The union of nuclei

Plasmogamy

The union of cytoplasm’s

Lichens

Organisms formed by a symbiotic relationship between fungi (mycobiont) and chlorophyll-containing bacteria and algae (photobiont) as “partners”

• Two species working together

1. Crustose Lichen - “Crusty”

2. Foliose Lichen - Looks like “Foliage”

3. Fruticose Lichen - Pendulous

What are the three types of Lichens and what is the main characteristic?

1. Symmetry (none, bilateral, radial)

2. Germ Layers (none, diploblastic, triploblastic)

3. Coelom (acoelomate, pseudocoelomate, eucoelomate)

4. Developmental Mode (protostome, deuterostome)

What are the four conditions of classifying animals?

Porifera

What phylum of animals is characterized by having no symmetry?

Cnidarians

What phylum of animals is characterized by having radial symmetry?

Bilateral Symmetry

What type of symmetry pattern to most animal phyla have?

Triploblastic

What germ layer characteristic does an animal have to have in order to be considered acoelomate, pseudocoelomate, or eucoelomate?

Eucoelomate

“True” body cavity

• Body cavity within mesoderm

Pseudocoelomate

“False” body cavity between mesoderm and endoderm

• Body cavity not within mesoderm

Acoelomate

No body cavity present in the mesoderm

• Applies only to triploblastic animals

Protostome

The blastopore develops into the mouth

• Molluscs, Annelids, and Arthropods

• Determinate Cleavage

Deuterostome

The blastopore develops into the anus

• Echinoderms and Chordates

• Indeterminate cleavage

Determinate Cleavage

Cells fate is determined early in embryogenesis.

Indeterminate Cleavage

A cell’s fate is not determined early in embryogenesis; cells remain totipotent (capable of giving rise to any cell type)

Invertebrates

What group of animals is the largest and most diverse?

Porifera (sponges)

What phylum of animals is being characterized?

• Pore-bearing

• Sessile

  • Can move via choanocytes (collar cells with flagellum)

• Filter Feeders (use sticky collar)

• Multicellular

• Cellular level of organization (No tissue or organs!)

• Sexual Reproduction via Gametic Meiosis

• Asexual Reproduction via

  • Regeneration

  • Budding

  • Gemmules - response to adverse conditions - can go dormant and withstand environmental stressors

Asconoid

What sponge body form is this?

Syconoid

What sponge body form is this?

Leuconoid

What sponge body form is this?

Spicules

What is the sponge skeleton made of?

Cnidarians

What phylum of animals is being characterized?

• Two types of bodies

  • Sessile polyp

  • Free-floating medusa

• Reproduce both sexually and asexually

• Carnivores that use cnidocytes (stinging cells)

  • Cnidocytes contain nematocysts (organelle that does the stinging)

• Diploblastic

• Tissue level of organization

• External and Internal Incomplete Digestion

Hydrozoa

Which class of phylum cnidaria is this?

• Water animals

• Primarily sessile polyp

• Some have medusa stage

• Hydra sp.

  • Freshwater

  • Sexual reproduction - Sperm + Egg = Zygote

    • Monecious or Dioecious

  • Asexual reproduction - Budding

• Physalia sp.

  • Colonial polyp - fuse together to form a floatation device - keep on the surface of water

• Obelia sp.

  • Colonial sessile polyp

  • Solitary medusa

Scyphozoa

Which class of phylum cnidaria is this?

• Standard jellyfish

• Genus Aurelia

• Box Jellyfish - one of the deadliest

Anthozoa

Which class of phylum cnidaria is this?

• Sea anemones

  • Sessile

  • Bright colors to scare away predators

  • Stomphia can swim away from predators

• Corals

  • Coral bleaching - corals expel symbiotic algae due to stress from increasing water temperatures and appear “bleached”

Platyhelminthes

What phylum of animals is being characterized?

• Flatworms

• Dorsoventral flattening

• Class Turbellaria

• Class Cestoda

Turbellaria (Planarians)

Which class of phylum Platyhelminthes is this?

• Planaria sp.

• Free-living, leaf shaped, ventral mouth

• Regeneration

• Terrestrial = Bipalium sp.

• Marine 

Cestoda (Tapeworms)

Which class of phylum Platyhelminthes is this?

• Parasitic, ribbon-like, no mouth

• Scolex

  • Anterior

  • Modified for attachment to intestine wall

• Produces proglottids

• Taenia sp.

Nematoda (Roundworms)

What phylum of animals is being characterized?

• Ascaris sp. posterior end different for males and females

  • Males = hooked end

• Hookworms found in feral cats

• Heartworms in dogs

• Wuchereria sp. causes elephantiasis in humans - spread by mosquitoes

Mollusca

What phylum of animals is being characterized?

• Mantle - secretes shell and does gas exchange

• Foot - muscular and allows organism to move; on ventral side of the animal

• Radula - scraping mouth part; on anterior side of the animal

  • All have one except Bivalves

• Class Gastropoda

• Class Bivalvia

• Class Cephalopoda

Gastropoda

Which class of phylum Mollusca is this?

• Helically-coiled shell secreted by mantle

• Radula

• Snails and slugs

• Predatory, scavengers, and algae eaters

• Ex. Banana slug

  • Hermaphrodite

  • Northwestern U.S.

• Open circulatory system

• Triploblastic eucoelomate protostome

Bivalvia

Which class of phylum Mollusca is this?

• Hinge shell

• Two valves

• No radula

• Clams, mussels, scallops

• Two siphons to filter water

• Open circulatory system

Cephalopoda

Which class of phylum Mollusca is this?

• Predatory

• Incredible ability to camouflage

• Some of the most advanced invertebrate eyes - important for ecological advancement

• Some have a cartilaginous endoskeleton

  • Ex. Cuttlefish

• Some have a calcium carbonate exoskeleton

  • Ex. Nautilus

• Closed circulatory system

Annelida

What phylum of animals is being characterized?

• Segmented worms - morphological innovation (segments repeat)

• Class Polychaeta (clam worms)

• Class Oligochaeta (earthworms)

• Class Hirudinea (leeches)

• Euceolomate

• Closed circulatory system

• External complete digestion

• Metanephridia - connects adjacent segments together

  • present in coelomates w/closed circulatory systems

  • Excretory system

Open Circulatory System

Which type of circulatory system is this?

• Arthropods and most molluscs

• Circulate hemolymph into open spaces (hemocoel) throughout the body

Closed Circulatory System

Which type of circulatory system is this?

• Annelids, Chordates, and Cephalopods

• Circulate blood through vessels (arteries, capillaries, and veins)

Oligochaeta

Which class of phylum Annelida is this?

• Giant Earthworm

• Asian Jumping Worms

  • Invasive species (Syracuse) that destroys the soil and makes it difficult for plants to grow

Arthropoda

What phylum of animals is being characterized?

• Animals with an exoskeleton made of chitin

• 3 body segments - Head, Thorax, Abdomen

• Open circulatory system

• Subphylum Chelicarata

  • Class Merostomata

  • Class Arachnida

• Subphylum Crustacea

• Subphylum Myriapoda

• Subphylum Hexapoda

Subphylum Chelicerata

Class Merostomata

What class and subphylum of phylum Arthropoda is this animal?

• 1st pair of appendages = chelicerae (feeding)

• 2nd pair = pedipalps (used as additional walking legs)

• 4 pairs of walking legs

• Head and thorax fused into cephalothorax

• Book gills on abdomen

• Primitive animals (horseshoe crabs)

• Red Knot birds specialize in eating young horseshoe crabs 

  • Horseshoe crab populations plummeted, which caused red knot populations to plummet as well

• Horseshoe crab population decline due to:

  • Harvest their blood to use for the medical industry

  • Contains special clotting agent - used to test for bacteria/contamination in vaccines

Subphylum Chelicerata

Class Arachnida

What class and subphylum of phylum Arthropoda is this animal?

• 1st pair of appendages = chelicerae (feeding)

• 2nd pair = pedipalps (used as sensors or pincers)

• 4 pairs of walking legs

• Book lungs inside the abdomen

• Head and thorax fused into cephalothorax

• Wicked venomous spiders in North America

  • Brown Recluse

  • Black Widow

Crustacea

What subphylum of phylum Arthropoda is this animal?

• Some are small and terrestrial - Roly-poly

• Some are super small and aquatic

• Some are large and terrestrial

  • Biggest constraint is respiration

    • Breathe through pores in exoskeleton

    • Not enough O2 in atmosphere to support gas exchange of very large terrestrial arthropoda

• Barnacles

  • Sessile

  • Forehead glands produce sticky secretion to attach to substrate

  • Secrete a CaCO3 shell external to cuticle

  • Feed by waving feathery feet through water to create current (filter-feeders)

Myriapoda

What subphylum of phylum Arthropoda is this animal?

• Many feet

• Centipedes

  • Many unspecialized segments - most identical

  • Flat body

  • Carnivores

  • 1 pair of legs per segment

• Millipedes

  • Many unspecialized segments - most identical

  • Rounded body

  • Detritivores - aid in decomposition

  • 2 pairs of legs per segment

Hexapoda

What subphylum of phylum Arthropoda is this animal?

• Many life forms

• All insects

• All appendages uniramous

• 1st pair = antennae

• 2nd pair = mandibles

• 3rd - 5th pairs = thoracic legs

• May also have 1-2 pairs of thoracic wings (NOT appendages)

• 3 distinct body segments (head, thorax, abdomen)

• Development

  • Complete Metamorphosis - go from one body form to a completely different body form

  • Incomplete Metamorphosis - larvae look like mini adults

Echinodermata

Which phylum of animals is being characterized?

• Sea Star Larvae bilaterally symmetrical

• Radially symmetrical adult

• External Complete Digestion

• Tiny CaCO3 plates (ossicles)under a layer of epidermis

  • Ossicles may articulate separately or be fused into a solid test (ex. sand dollar)

• Gas exchange across tube feet and dermal gills

• Open circulatory system

• Water Vascular system

• Excretion across tube feet

• Class Asterodiea (sea stars)

• Class Echinoidea (sand dollars, sea biscuits, sea urchins)

Asteroidea

What class of phylum Echinodermata is this?

• Sea stars

• Generally penta (5 appendages) radially symmetrical

• Ossicles articulate separately

Echinoidea

What class of phylum Echinodermata is this?

• sand dollars, sea biscuits, sea urchins

• Ossicles fused into Test

Chordata

Which phylum of animals is being characterized?

• Four characteristics present at some stage of life

1. Notochord

2. Dorsal Hollow Nerve Chord

3. Pharyngeal Gill Slits

4. Post-anal Tail

1. Notochord

2. Dorsal Hollow Nerve Chord

3. Pharyngeal Gill Slits

4. Post-anal Tail

What are the four characteristics that must be present at some stage in life in order for an animal to be in phylum Chordata?

Urochordata

What subphylum of phylum Chordata is this?

• Adult is sessile

• Larvae are free-living

  • Possess all 4 chordate characteristics

• Filter-feeders

• Some are predatory

• Sea Squirts

• Incurrent and excurrent siphons for water flow through the animal

Cephalochordata

What subphylum of phylum Chordata is this?

• Distinct Head

• Has all 4 chordate characteristics as an adult

• Lancelets

Vertebrata

What subphylum of phylum Chordata is this?

• Notochord is replaced by vertebrae

  • Bony, interlocking structures

  • Protects the nerve chord

• Cranium

• Skeleton of cartilage and/or bone

• Class Myxinoidea

• Class Petromyzontoidea

• Class Chondrichthyes

• Class Acrinopterygii

• Class Amphibia

• Class Reptilia

Myxinoidea

What class of subphylum Vertebrata in phylum Chordata is this?

• Most primitive fish

• Jawless fish

• No paired fins

• Tiny eyes 

• Tentacles

• Common Name: Hagfish

Petromyzontoidea

What class of subphylum Vertebrata in phylum Chordata is this?

• Jawless Fish

• No paired fins

• Big eyes

• Round mouth

• Common Name: Lamprey

• Invasive in the Great Lakes

  • Generalists to water tonicity

  • Can live in both freshwater and salt water

Chondrichthyes

What class of subphylum Vertebrata in phylum Chordata is this?

• Jaws

• Paired fins

• Gill slits visible

• Ventral mouth

• Common Name: Cartilaginous fishes

Actinopterygii

What class of subphylum Vertebrata in phylum Chordata is this?

• Jaws

• Paired fins

• Bony skeleton

• Operculum covers gill slits

• Common Name: Bony fishes

Candiru

What fish is parasitic?

Amphibia

What class of subphylum Vertebrata in phylum Chordata is this?

• Tetrapods- 4 appendages

• Legs and lungs

• Still tied to water by reproduction and skin

  • Evolutionary transition of animals - can be terrestrial but still require some water

• Global decline

  • Due to disease - fugus that infects the skin makes it hard for them to breathe and absorb nutrients

• Eggs are non-amniotic

  • Lack any sort of extra membranes - MUST be in water

Amniote

Tetrapod’s that produce an enclosed apparatus for developing embryos

• Turtles

• Snakes

• Lizards

• Crocodiles

• Birds

• Mammals

Reptilia

What class of subphylum Vertebrata in phylum Chordata is this?

• Scales

• Claws

• Amniotic egg allows this animal to get away from water

• Old Class Aves (birds)

  • Feathers, flight, endothermic, parental care

Mammals

What class of subphylum Vertebrata in phylum Chordata is this?

• Endothermic

• Produce fur

• Mammary glands

  • Produce milk meal to support development of their young

  • Evolutionary advantage

• Parental Care

Monotremes

Egg-laying mammals - Oviparous

• Primitive Mammals

• Females produce milk but do not have nipples

• Only five species survive

  • Platypus

  • Four species of spiny animals

Marsupials (Metatherians)

Viviparous

• Females give birth after a short period of development

• Females of most species have a pouch where the young complete their development

• A lot of lactation is needed

• Include kangaroos, koalas, wallabies, and possums

  • Mostly in Australia

  • North America = birthplace

• Transition beasts

Placental Mammals

Viviparous

• Females have a placenta that provides oxygen and nutrients to embryos in the uterus

• Dominated

  • Evolutionary advantage

Family Hominidae

• Gorilla spp.

• Pan spp.

• Pongo spp.

• Life in the trees

  • Forward-directed eyes and binocular vision - judge distances accurately

  • Shoulder and elbow joints allow arms to rotate

  • Retention of ten fingers and ten toes allow us to grasp objects

• Most conservation concern = Eastern Gorilla