Chapter 9 - Motivation

Who coined the Balance Theory?

a) Robert Frantz

b) Charles Darwin

c) Hobbes Yerk

d) Fritz Heider

d) Fritz Heider (think of Fitz but fancy with an R, and Heider sounds german)

Define: Balance Theory

humans want consistency across our thinking, behaviour and actions. We want to be in an optimal state (homeostasis). When shifted from that, we are motivated to change something to make it match

We have _________ elements for the balance theory

a) four

b) six

c) three

d) five

c) three (think of two people + an object)

Give an example of a balanced state (flip flashcard for an example)

For instance, Anna and Hans like each other, and they both want to get married in a courthouse

Give an example of a unbalanced state (flip flashcard for an example)

For instance, Anna and Hans like each other, but Hans wants to get married in a courthouse, while Anna doesn’t. So something has to change (e.g getting married elsewhere, or not get married

Name some of the problems with the Balance Theory

1. Doesn’t tell us how we can solve this imbalance

2. Doesn’t consider the importance of elements (e.g does it really matter that Hans wants to get married in the courthouse?

3. Doesn’t state how much unbalance is required to create action (e.g Anna really dislikes the courthouse, so she will say something, vs not caring that much)

The Balance Theory is an example of a __________ theory

a) internal

b) external

c) both external and internal

d) neither

a) internal. There’s a certain reasons that happens to you that creates an imbalance (e.g you not liking the house, or liking Anna, or liking the institution of marriage)

Who coined the Cognitive Dissonance

a) Fritz Yobbes

b) Henry Smokes

c) Leon Festinger

d) Sigmund Charles

c) Leon Festinger

Define: Cognitive Dissonance

Consistency in your beliefs, behaviours, attitudes, opinions. and open behaviour, which leads to no motivation (e.g believing your a good student because you go to class)

True or false: Consonant is having consistency between two cognitions (e.g I am a good student, because I go to class)

True, think of it as a see-saw being equal

An irrelevant cognition is:

a) three unrelated cognitions

b) two related cognitions

c) changing your behaviour because of relevant information

d) two unrelated cognitions

e) inconsistencies between 2 cognititions

d) two unrelated cognitions (e.g I am a good student, and I like pizza… what the heck does pizza have to do with being a good student)

Define: Dissonant

e) inconsistencies between 2 cognitions

True or false, there are two ways to change these inconsistencies

FALSE. There’s 3!

Okay girl, list what we can do to change em

1. Alter our behaviour (I will go to class)

2. Change 1 of the cognitions (I am not a good student, or I don’t go to class)

3. Add a cognition, specifically rationalization (e.g I am a good student even though I don’t go to class, because the slides are posted and I learn it anyways)

Are there benefits to the Balance Theory? If so, name them

1.The total amount of dissonance increases with more dissonant cognition

2. More dissonance is experienced for more important cognitions

Name the challenges of Cognitive Dissonance

1. Theory is vague

2. it’s hard to tell if 2 cognitions will be in conflict

3. Similar to Balance theory dissonance can be reduced in many ways

4. Other explanations have not been ruled out

True or false: Cognitive Dissonance is more researched for the other theories

True

Induced Compliance is

a) acting differently that contrasts your beliefs/opinions, without justification

b) acting differently but it goes with your beliefs/opinions with justification

c) acting the same, but it goes with your beliefs/opinions without justifcation

d) c) acting the same, but it goes against your beliefs/opinions with justification

a) acting differently that contrasts your beliefs/opinions without justification

Describe the experiment that goes with this theory

1. During an experiment, two groups were paid to tell others that the experiment was interesting. One group was payed $1, the other group was payed $20

2. The people who were paid $1, showed an effects of induced compliance because there was no justification for them to lie for so little money. So, they must have found it interesting

3. The people who were paid $20, showed an NO effects of induced compliance because they had justification for them to lie for so the money. So, they still didn’t found it interesting

__________ refers to the more effort we spent to reach a goal, the more we value the thing we put the effort in (e.g loving your ugly portrait you made, because you spent three days in it)

Justification Effort, there was a reason why you did it (even if you hate it) so it’s a way for your brain to rationalize it.

Describe the experiment that went this this

Define: post-decisional dissonance & selective exposure to information

once you make a decision, you AVOID information that makes it feel like its the wrong choice, and surround yourself with information that is the right choice (e.g looking at reasons by ChatGPT that support the answer u chose on an exam, then the textbook and lectures).

Bet bolstering is…

a) bettors become less convinced of their choice every time you ask them

b) bettors thinking doesn’t change (less or more convinced) every time you ask them

c) bettors become more convinced every time you ask them

d) betteors bet bet okay bet bet bet bet better woodchuck oaoaoakaka

c) bettors become more convinced every time you ask them (duh they spent so much money… they need to rationalize it)

Define: self-perception theory

you look at your behaviour from an outside perspective (you know how you imagine your someone else looking at the fire post you made… yeah similar to that)

True or false: What I can see is all I need to know” can be attributed to self-perception theory

True

More real-world beliefs is better for

a) self-perception

b) cognitive dissonance

c) conceptual perception

d) systematic perception

b) cognitive dissonance

List some problems in Consistency Theories (goes with ALL of those consistency theories)

1. People aren’t always troubled or motivated to reduce cognitive inconsistencies (e.g idgaf about me probably not being a good student because I don’t go to class)

2. Some people seem to seek cognitive inconsistencies (e.g pleasure in reducing those inconsistencies)

3. Motivation generated by inconsistencies is not strong enough to stop normal behaviour (e.g I know I should not spend money on Jack Astors, but imma still do it anyways)

True or false: Everyone has a a high PFC

False, remember we aren’t all the same. Some of us are messed up :D

True or false: Collectivists may be impacted more for inconsistencies

no girl they basically care for everyone in society. Individualists (like the western populations), are more impacted because it’s affecting THEM (e.g omg, I may not actually be a good student, omg i won’t get into g

iClicker: Cognitive consistency theories assume all of the following EXCEPT:

A. That individuals are motivated to decrease or eliminate inconsistencies

B. That inconsistencies are unpleasant

C. That rationalization is used to decrease inconsistencies

D. Individuals enjoy the variety of inconsistencies

D. Individuals enjoy the variety of inconsistencies

iClicker: According to Bem's self-perception theory:

A. A state of tension exists which must be resolved

B. We observe our behavior as an outsider

C. We behavior based upon our perception of emotion

D. None of the above

B. We observe our behavior as an outsider

a) bruh they dont care

c) it spelled wrong so no

d) not true so it’s B!

Define: Social Facilitation

how different we act because of the social situation we’re in

True or false: Competitive situations is when we perform worse when competing against others

girl FALSE. We COMPETE to do better (e.g me not giving these flashcards to other people because I wanna do better than y’all #sorrynotsorry)

Define: Non-competitive situations (or coaction effect)

you eat, drink, and spend more with others. Overall you do more of something because you’re with them

True or false: Coaction effects even happen when the extra people are audience members, known as the audience effect

True

Define: audience effect

we do better because people are watching us

Do we only do better when someone watches us?

No we can always do worse. I hate when people watch me play piano ughhh. I perform worse.

Define: Dominant response

the response that naturally happens, which is triggered by the arousal (energy in your body)

If the dominant response is correct.. you will do _________

a) worse

b) better

c) the same

d) your mom

Correct = better

True or false: the dominant response is correct.. you will do worse

yes correct yes yuh

True or false: When you’re doing something right the first time, the dominant response will not be correct

True, think of it as so much pressure whether internal or external and not being used to it for the first time. As they say, practice makes perfect.. and make things easier

Having a(n) _________ may increase arousal

a) heart race increase

b) audience

c) support

d) goal

d) goal

Fill in the blank: “When a well-known task is done in front of an audience a ________ ________- is triggered, which is helpful.”

challenge response, (vasodilation which means lowering your blood pressure, allowing more oxygen and blood to pass through)

Or… when a well-known task is done in front of an audience a ________ ________- is triggered, which worsens our performance.”

threat response (no vasodilation = high blood pressure).

True or false: the way we look at situations impact us physiology. Stress isn’t always a bad thing, so always look at situations as a challenge.

True

Define: Conformity

a change in a person’s beliefs or attitudes because of pressure from someone else, or a group

Provide two examples that illustrated the conformity effect

continuation

Distortion of judgement is

a) you conformed because your judgement was different, and assumed you were wrong (information social influence)

b) you change it because you want to fit in (even though you might know u were right)

c) a cognitive disssonance between your beliefs, and other people’s expectations

d) an imblance between your expectations and realit

a) you conformed because your judgement was different, and assumed you were wrong (information social influence)

Define: normative social influence

b) you change it because you want to fit in (even though you might know u were right)

There are three factors that affect conformity, list them (hint: D.U.G)

1. Degree of ambiguity: something that can have multiple meanings, can produce conformity.

2. Group size: larger the group, the more we want to go with everyone else

3. Unanimity: one person giving the right answer can lower conformity (cuz they’re like hmm damn, they spoke up maybe they’re right)

True or false: Unambiguous tasks do reduce conformity, and eliminate it

false. Imagine how easy it would be to eliminate conformity

List the criticisms and rebuttal regarding conformity research

1. Criticism: Asch’s experiments were unrealistic because it was done in a lab

Rebuttal: Conformity has been shown outside of the lab

2. Criticism: participants didn’t have to give the right answer

Rebuttal: conformity occurs when the tasks is important and difficult. Also, important situations involve conformity as well, such as eyewitness testimony

3. Criticism: Conformity may be tied to timepoints in history, people are more individualistic now.

4. Rebuttal: Conformity is still shown today and in different cultures

Compliance is…

a) a change in our behaviour

b) a change in behaviour because of a direct request

c) a change in behaviour because of conformity

b) change in behaviour because of a cognitive dissonance

b) a change in behaviour because of a direct request

True or false: Door-in-the-face effect is where you ask for a small effect, they say yes, and then you ask for something bigger.

False, that’s the Foot-in-the-door technique.

People were asked to sign a petition on safe driving, then asked to put a big “drive carefully’ sign on their lawns, 48% said yes. Only 17% of those solely asked to put the sign out said yes.  This may occur because our self-perception changes and we want to act in agreeance with this

Door-in-the-face effect is

a) ask for something once, after a no, then you asking for something again later

b) ask for something small, after a no, then you something even smaller

c) ask for something big, after a no, then you ask for something smaller

d) ask for something big, after a no, then you ask for something bigger

c) ask for something big, after a no, then you ask for something smaller (e.g I want a $200,000 salary. No? Okay, then how about $170,000

What experiment tested obedience? Explain it

The Stanley Milgram experiment (explanation)

Define: Detached responsibility (I was doing what I was told)

We don’t feel responsible, we are more obedience (cause if something happens, I can blame it on the person who made me do it)

Define: Deindividualization

when we avoid responsibility for our actions (e.g well

List other factors that contribute to obedience

1. Authority figure and how close they are (less likely to cheat because the examiner is in the room)

2. Context or setting of the experiment (Being in a formal setting like a conference where you have to be quiet, you will be more likely to stay quiet)

3. Lack of clear authority

4. Obedience vs rebellion

iClicker: The example of cockroaches running faster down a runway while another cockroach “observes” is called:

A. Social loafing

B. Audience effect

C. Bystander intervention

D. Social running

B. Audience effect

iClicker: Asch found in his line comparison study some participants assumed their judgment was incorrect, which is called _____ social influence.

A. Informational

B. Perceptual

C. Normative

D. Disruptive

A. Informational (think of information being correct = information). For normative, they didn’t care if they were right and wrong, they just wanted to fit in

Define: Bystander Intervention

The motive to help isn’t because of the helper, but moreso how the situation is.

Define: Non-emergency situations

the amount of commitment that is needed in whether someone will actually help

Define: Emergent situations and why we are less likely to help

Definition: very sudden event.

1. The amount of commitment can be very high with little reward promised

2. Most people have little knowledge of emergency situations

3. They generally occur suddenly

List the steps in the model of intervention

1. Notice the situation

2. Define situation as an emergency

3. Accept responsibilty to help

4. Decide how to help

5. Decide to act and provide help

True or false: Having others around makes us less likely to notice the situation

True, you’re having so much that u didn’t realize someone got hurt

Pluralistic ignorance is

a) we think others hold a different opinion than us

b) we think others hold the same different opinion than us

c) we all are ignorant

d) we all are smart

a) we think others hold a different opinion than us. For instance, wow no one is helping him/her? Dang maybe I AM WRONG. So… I won’t help

True or false: sometimes people don’t help because of the fear of they could get in trouble

True

The Bystander effect is _________ in high danger situations

a) reduced

b) increased

c) no difference

d) depends on the context

a) reduced. We know that it is an emergency so we should help the person any way we can

Being high in __________ makes you more likely to help

a)

b) empathy

c) sadism

d) happiness

empathy