Gases and Attractive Forces in Liquids and Solids

These flashcards cover key concepts related to gases, gas laws, and attractive forces in liquids and solids.

Kinetic Molecular Theory

A theory explaining the behaviors of gases, stating that gas particles are in constant, random motion with no attractive forces between them.

Boyle’s Law

States that the volume of a fixed amount of gas is inversely proportional to its pressure when the temperature is held constant.

Charles’s Law

States that the volume of a fixed amount of gas at constant pressure is directly proportional to its absolute temperature.

Gay-Lussac’s Law

States that the pressure of a fixed amount of gas at constant volume is directly proportional to its absolute temperature.

Ideal Gas Law

The relationship between pressure (P), volume (V), temperature (T), and number of moles of gas (n), represented as PV = nRT.

Intermolecular Forces

Forces of attraction between molecules, including London forces, dipole-dipole interactions, hydrogen bonds, ion-dipole attractions, and ionic attractions.

Hydrogen Bonding

A strong type of dipole-dipole attraction that occurs when a hydrogen atom bonded to electronegative atoms like N, O, or F interacts with a lone pair of another electronegative atom.

Amphipathic Molecule

A molecule that has both polar (hydrophilic) and nonpolar (hydrophobic) regions.

Solubility Rule

The principle that states 'like dissolves like,' meaning polar substances dissolve in polar solvents, while nonpolar substances dissolve in nonpolar solvents.

Phospholipid Bilayer

A double layer of phospholipids that forms the fundamental structure of cell membranes, with hydrophobic tails inward and hydrophilic heads outward.

London Dispersion Forces

Weak intermolecular forces arising from temporary shifts in electron density within molecules, causing instantaneous dipoles.

Dipole-Dipole Interactions

Attractive forces between polar molecules, where the positive end of one molecule is attracted to the negative end of another.

Hydrogen Bond

A strong type of dipole-dipole interaction that occurs specifically when hydrogen is bonded to highly electronegative atoms such as oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine.

Ion-Dipole Forces

Intermolecular forces that occur between an ion and a polar molecule, significant in solutions of ionic compounds.

Ionic Attractions

Strong intermolecular forces that occur between positively and negatively charged ions.