Elizabeth I (1558 - 1603)

Who was Elizabeth I?

Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn

When did Elizabeth I become queen?

17 November 1558

How old was Elizabeth when she became queen?

25

When was Elizabeth I crowned?

15 January 1559

What financial situation did Elizabeth inherit?

Debt of around £300

What religious situation did Elizabeth inherit?

Division between Catholics and Protestants

What foreign threats existed in 1558?

France and Spain were Catholic powers

Why was Elizabeth’s legitimacy questioned?

Declared illegitimate by Catholics

What was Elizabeth’s main priority in 1558?

Stability and security

What was the Religious Settlement?

Set of laws establishing Church of England

When was the Religious Settlement passed?

1559

What was the Act of Supremacy?

Made Elizabeth Supreme Governor of the Church

Why did Elizabeth use “Supreme Governor” not “Head”?

More acceptable to Catholics

What oath was required under the Act of Supremacy?

Clergy had to swear loyalty to Elizabeth

What was the Act of Uniformity?

Made attendance at church compulsory

What was the fine for missing church?

1 shilling

What did the Act of Uniformity introduce?

1559 Book of Common Prayer

What was the Royal Injunctions?

1559 orders enforcing Protestant practices

What did the Injunctions require?

English Bible in churches

What was the Thirty-Nine Articles?

Defined doctrine of Church of England

When did they make the thirty nine article?

1571

What was the religious nature of the settlement of the 39 articles?

Moderate Protestant compromise

Who were recusants?

Catholics who refused to attend church

What happened to recusants?

Fined and monitored

Who were Puritans?

Protestants wanting further reform

What was the Vestiarian Controversy?

Dispute over clergy wearing traditional vestments

What did the Vestiarian Controversy want?

Division within Protestantism

What was the Advertisements?

Enforced clerical dress and discipline

Who was Mary Queen of Scots?

Catholic cousin of Elizabeth with claim to throne

When was QMS born?

1542

When did Mary become Queen of Scotland?

1542 as an infant

When did QMS arrive in England?

1568

Why did QMS flee to England?

Forced to abdicate in Scotland

Why was QMS dangerous?

Catholic figurehead and claimant

What was the Northern Rebellion?

Catholic revolt in northern England

Who led the Northern Rebellion?

Earls of Northumberland and Westmorland

What was their aim for the northern rebellion?

Restore Catholicism and replace Elizabeth with Mary

How many rebels were involved in the northern rebellion?

About 6

What was the outcome of the northern rebellion?

Rebellion failed

What was the Ridolfi Plot?

Catholic plot to replace Elizabeth

Who planned the Ridolfi Plot?

Roberto Ridolfi

Who was involved in the Ridolfi Plot?

Duke of Norfolk and Spain

What was the aim of the Ridolfi Plot?

Assassinate Elizabeth and marry Mary to Norfolk

What was the outcome of the Ridolfi Plot?

Plot uncovered

What was the Throckmorton Plot?

Catholic conspiracy with Spain and France

Who was involved in the Throckmorton Plot?

Francis Throckmorton

What was the aim of the Throckmorton Plot?

Invade England and place Mary on throne

What was the outcome of the Throckmorton Plot?

Plot failed

What was the Babington Plot?

Plan to assassinate Elizabeth

Who was involved in the Babington Plot?

Anthony Babington and Mary Queen of Scots

How was the Babington Plot discovered?

Walsingham intercepted coded letters

What was the outcome of the Babington Plot?

Mary arrested and executed

When was Mary Queen of Scots executed?

8 February 1587

Why was QMS execution significant?

Removed Catholic threat but angered Spain

Who was Francis Walsingham?

Head of intelligence network

What methods did Walsingham use?

Spies

Why was Walsingham important?

Prevented plots

What laws targeted Catholics in the 1580s?

Recusancy fines increased and harsh penalties introduced

What was the fine increased to?

£20 per month in 1581

What was the Act Against Jesuits?

Made it treason for Catholic priests to enter England

Who were Jesuits?

Catholic missionaries trying to convert England

Why did relations with Spain worsen?

Religion

Who was Philip II of Spain?

Catholic monarch opposing Elizabeth, previously married to Mary I

What was happening in the Netherlands?

Protestant revolt against Spanish rule

Why did Elizabeth support the Dutch?

To weaken Spain

What was the Treaty of Nonsuch?

Elizabeth agreed to support Dutch rebels

What was the Spanish Armada?

Fleet sent by Spain to invade England

How many ships were in the Armada?

About 130

What was Spain’s plan?

Sail to Netherlands and pick up army

What tactics did England use?

Fire ships and long-range cannons

What role did weather play?

Storms helped destroy Armada

What was the outcome of the Spanish Armada?

Spanish defeat

What speech did Elizabeth give?

Tilbury speech

Why was the spanish armarda important?

Boosted morale

What happened after the Armada?

Continued war with Spain

What was privateering?

State-supported piracy

Who was Francis Drake?

Privateer and explorer

What did Drake achieve?

Circumnavigated globe 1577–1580

Who was Walter Raleigh?

Explorer and courtier

What colony did Walter Raleigh attempt to take?

Roanoke

Why did Roanoke fail?

Supply problems and disappearance

What was enclosure?

Landowners fencing common land

Why was it a problem?

Reduced land for poor

What caused inflation?

Population growth and coinage issues

What were the Poor Laws?

Laws to deal with poverty

What did the 1601 Poor Law do?

Created system to support deserving poor

What were deserving poor?

Those unable to work

What were undeserving poor?

Those seen as idle

What was the social structure?

Strict hierarchy from monarch to poor

What was the role of the Privy Council?

Advised Elizabeth and made decisions

Who was William Cecil?

Chief advisor

Why didn’t Elizabeth marry?

Avoid loss of power and foreign influence

When did Elizabeth I die?

24 March 1603

How long did she rule?

45 years

Who succeeded her?

James I

Why was Elizabeth I successful?

Maintained stability