Psych Unit 3

Affective Circumplex

posits that all emotions are combinations of two fundamental, independent dimensions arranged in a circular space: valence (pleasure-displeasure) and arousal (activation-deactivation)

Temporal Nature of Emotional Phenomena

Emotions are dynamic, time-varying processes characterized by specific temporal parameters: onset, intensity, duration, and recovery.

Emotion

feeling the body’s reaction to an object or event.

james lange emotion theory

emotions occur as a result of physiological reactions to events, rather than causing them

Cannon-Bard Theory

proposes that human beings experience emotions and physiological reactions (like sweating or racing heart) simultaneously rather than one causing the other.

Schachter & Singer Theory

proposes that emotions are produced by a combination of physiological arousal and cognitive labeling

Social Constructionist Approach

Emotions are social constructions, and they can be fully understood only on a social level of analysis.Supporting evidence: Elicitors and expression and Values and language

stressor

challenge or threat

stress reaction

physical and emotional reaction

stress appraisal

process by which one interprets threat

Set-Point Theory

individuals have a baseline level of happiness determined by genetics and personality, returning to this level after major life events

Types of Stressors

Catastrophes, Significant Life Changes,Daily Hassles

Stress Appraisal

the cognitive process of evaluating events to determine if they are stressful and how to manage them

Sleep disturbances

are associated with depression and self-harm behaviors in preteens

Subjective / Hedonic Well-being (Diener, 1984)

is a person’s self-reported assessment of their life, encompassing high life satisfaction, frequent positive emotions, and infrequent negative emotions.

Psychological / Eudaimonic Well-being

focuses on human flourishing, self-actualization, and meaning, rather than mere pleasure

Benefits of Well-being

predicts major life events is associated with positive health

behaviors and better physical health and better cognitive health and Happier people are more

likely to engage in prosocial behavior (e.g., Salovey, 1990)

Emotion Regulation

the shaping of which emotions one has, when one has them, and how one experiences or expresses these emotions.

Process Model of ER

outlines five strategies to influence emotions based on when they occur in the emotion-generation process: Situation Selection, Situation Modification, Attentional Deployment, Cognitive Change, and Response Modulation

Situation Selection

Leaving or entering a situation to experience or avoid experiencing a particular emotion.

Situation Modification

Modifying external aspects of a situation to alter its emotional impact.

Attentional Deployment

Directing attention within a given situation to influence one’s emotions

Reappraisal

Changing how one appraises a situation to change its emotional impact.

Response Modulation

Directly influencing experiential, behavioral, or physiological components of emotional response.

Symptoms

thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that indicate a mental disorder

Syndrome or Disorder

a group of symptoms that appear together and are assumed to represent a specific type of disorder

Diagnostic & Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders

Disorders are identified by their symptoms. Causes of disorders

(etiology) often unknown Depend on observations and descriptions, rather than ideas about causes.

Categorical Approach

Reflects a difference in kind or quality.Yes” or “No” People with abnormal behaviors are qualitatively different than other people (discrete groups). Largely used by DSM-5

Dimensional Approach

Focuses on the amount of a particular characteristic an object possesses.How much? People with abnormal behaviors are quantitatively different (continuum)

Yerkes-Dodson Law

performance increases with physiological or mental arousal (stress) but only up to a point

Specific phobia

fear of something

Social anxiety

concern about social evaluation

OCD

obsessions and/or compulsions

Panic disorder

recurrent panic attacks

Generalized anxiety

worry

Agora phobia

fear of anxiety

Comorbidity

is the simultaneous presence of two or more chronic diseases or medical conditions in an individual

OCD: Obsessions

Recurrent and persistent thoughts, urges, or images that are experienced as intrusive, unwanted, and cause anxiety and distress.Individual attempts to ignore or suppress or neutralize them with some other thought or action.

Contamination

fears of germs, body fluids, dirt, diseases, toxic vchemicals

Repeated Doubts

responsibility obsessions and checking rituals

Ordering/ Arranging

focused on the need for precision

Violent/Aggressive

thoughts and images of injury or death

OCD: Compulsions

Repetitive behaviors or mental acts. A person feels compelled to perform in

response to an obsession or according to rules applied rigidly.Behaviors or mental acts are designed to prevent or reduce anxiety or prevent some dreaded event from happening

Checking

irresistible urges to check and recheck

Decontamination

excessive washing or cleaning that m ight be according to certain rules

Repeating

perform ing actions repeatedly

Types of Compulsions

checking,repeating,Decontamination,Ordering

Unipolar Disorders

is a mental health condition characterized by persistent, intense feelings of sadness or worthlessness and a loss of interest in activities

Bipolar disorder

is a chronic mental health condition characterized by intense, fluctuating mood swings, including emotional highs (mania or hypomania) and lows (depression)

episodic

mental health conditions characterized by distinct, recurring periods of symptoms (episodes) separated by periods of relative stability or lower intensity

Major depressive disorder (MDD)

Depressed mood, Anhedonia. Needs to have MDE and can not have a manic eposide

Anhedonia

Anhedonia – loss of interest or pleasure

Manic Episode

Elevated mood, expansive or irritable mood

Bipolar 1 disorder

Needs at least one manic episode and does not need to have a MDE but can have one.

Positive (Psychotic) Symptoms

Do not refer to “good” symptoms, but to an excess or distortion of normal functions like Hallucinations and Delusions

Hallucinations

Sensory experience that seems real to the person having it, but occurs in the absence of any external perceptual stimulus and can happen to any of the five senses

Delusions

Rigidly held inaccurate beliefs or misrepresented versions of reality

Negative Symptoms

Aspects of normal behavior and social relationships that should be present, but are absent like diminished emotional expression and diminished motivation and pleasure

Diminished Emotional Expression

Diminished verbal and non-verbal expression

Blunted Affect

mental health conditions characterized by distinct, recurring, and temporary episodes of symptoms rather than constant, daily impairment and appears in Diminished Emotional Expression

Alogia

is a symptom characterized by a significant reduction in the quantity or content of speech, often presenting as brief, concrete, or infrequent verbal responses

Avolition

is a severe, persistent lack of motivation or ability to initiate and maintain goal-directed activities, such as hygiene, chores, or social interaction.

Asociality

is a lack of motivation for social interaction and a preference for solitary activities

Anhedonia

is the reduced ability to experience pleasure or interest in previously enjoyed activities

Disorganization

Reflect bizarre behaviors and disturbances in thinking

Catatonic Behavior

Decreased awareness of and reactivity to environment like immobility and Marked muscular rigidity,Purposeless/repetitious motor activity

Grossly Disorganized Behavior

May range from childlike silliness to unpredictable agitation.

Schizophrenia Symptoms Dimensions

Postive, Negative, disorganized

Phases of Schizophrenia

prodromal then active then residual

prodromal

the earliest phase of a disease, characterized by non-specific, mild symptoms (malaise, headache, fatigue) occurring after incubation but before full symptom onset

Tardive Dyskinesia

a, often irreversible, involuntary movement disorder caused by long-term use of dopamine-blocking drugs

Behavioral & Cognitive Approaches

Based on the disorder or presenting problem. Short term, present focused Progress monitored

First wave

Behavior Therapy: emerged from behaviorism and learning theories, focused on changing observable behaviors,learn new more adaptive responses

Second wave

Cognitive Therapy: emphasize role of thoughts in shaping emotion and behavior.distress caused by distorted thinking, identify and modify unhelpful thoughts

Psychotherapy

is a collaborative treatment based on the relationship between an individual and a trained mental health professional and is associated with changes in brain function

Third Wave

Third Wave CBT: changing how people relate to their thoughts & emotions, emphasize processes such as mindfulness and acceptance,notice thoughts and feelings without becoming stuck

Meta-analysis

combine results across studies to examine an overall effect

How do we standardize psychotherapy?

Manualized treatments are therapy protocols written in manual format

Psychoanalytic

Features of development produce adaptive or maladaptive personalities

Humanistic

Self- Actualization; a long process of becoming psychologically optimized to one’s environment

Modern

An approach to describing broad tendencies of individuals, and differences between them

Personality

Who you tend to be; how you generally think, feel, and behave.

Intelligence

Your maximal ability; your capability in performing cognitive tasks.

Sigmund Freud

Father of Psychoanalysis and the unconscious mind

The Unconscious

Features of the psyche which are outside the conscious awareness and Urges, desires, subconscious processes, as well as thoughts, feelings, a psychological proclivities: the personality

Id

Urges, desires, and basic instincts

Ego

is the conscious, rational part of the psyche that mediates between primal desires , moral ideals , and reality

Superego

is the component of personality that represents internalized moral standards, conscience, and societal rules, largely inherited from parents and authority figures

The Collective Unconscious

Universal unconscious united by common phenomenological truths

Archetypes

Universal symbols representing key features of human condition

Neuroses

Disorders of the psyche stemming from unconscious conflicts: hysterias, phobias, obsessions, fixations

Types of Defense Mechanisms

Denial, Projection, Rationalization,Displacement,Reaction Formation, Regression

Denial

Refusal to believe painful realities

Projection

Attributing one’s own attributes to another

Rationalization

Finding a justifying explanation for neuroses

Displacement

Shifting the object of impulses elsewhere

Reaction Formation

Switching impulses in opposite direction

Regression

Retreating to an earlier stage of development

Abraham Maslow

Established the Hierarchy of Needs. Coined Self-Actualization: achieving one’s

full psychological potential