ch. 22 - respiratory system

what consists within the upper respiratory tract?

• nose

• nasal cavity

• pharynx

• larynx

• paranasal sinuses

what are the paranasal sinuses ?

• frontal

• ethmoid

• sphenoidal

• maxillary

whats the function of the paranasal cavities?

help warm, filter and moisten incoming air through its mucus lined cavities

what are the organs in the lower respiratory tract?

• trachea

• bronchi

• lungs

conducting zone

respiratory passageways that carry air to the sites of gas exchange, oxygen exchanged with carbon dioxide. filters, humidified, and warms incoming air

respiratory zone

actual site of gas exchange in the lungs. composed of the terminal respiratory passageways that contain the respiratory bronchioles and alveoli

nasal cavity consists of the…

• superior nasal conchae

• middle nasal conchae

• inferior nasal conchae

what forms the nasal cavity?

the roof by the ethmoid and sphenoid bone. the floor by the palate $

pharynx

a hollow muscular tube that connect the nasal cavity and mouth to the larynx and esophagus

nasopharynx

posterior to nasal cavity serving only as air passageway. soft palate closes off the nasopharynx and prevents food from entering the nasal cavity

pharyngeal tonsil / adenoids

located in the posterior nasopharyngeal. lymphoid organ that destroys pathogens entering the nasopharynx via the air

oropharynx

“back of the throat”. contains the epiglottis

what two tonsils are embedded in the mucosa of the oropharynx?

• paired palatine tonsils

• single lingual tonsil

laryngopharynx

serves as a passageway for food and air and is lined with stratified squamous epithelium. ends at cricoid cartilage

esophagus

located in the laryngopharynx. conducts food and fluids to the stomach

larynx

located in the laryngopharynx. conducts air to the respiratory tract and is known as the voice box

thyroid cartilage

composed of two cartilage plates that meet to form the laryngeal prominence, protecting vocal cords.

cricoid cartilage

composes the inferior most boundary of the larynx. encircles the trachea and where the larynopharynx ends

epiglottis

composed of elastic cartilage. almost entirely covered by mucosa. attaches anteriorly to the internal aspect of the of the thyroid cartilage

arytenoid cartilages

pyramid shaped cartilages resting on top of cricoid cartilage ring. serve as anchor point for vocal cords

vestibular fold

horizontal mucosal folds that lie directly superior to the vocal folds.

bronchial tree

a system of respiratory passages that branches extensively within the lungs

right main bronchus subdivides into…

• superior lobe

• middle lobe

• inferior lobe

left main bronchus subdivides into ….

• superior lobe

• inferior lobe

bronchioles

smallest tubes that branch off the bronchi. part of the end part of the respiratory tree in the lungs

alveoli

tiny air sacs of the lungs which allow for rapid gas exchange.

hilum

indentation on the medial surface of each lunch. through this indentation, blood vessels, bronchi, lymphatic vessels and nerves enter and exit the lunch

The main function of pulmonary surfactant is to:

Reduce surface tension in the alveoli

Most carbon dioxide in the blood is transported:

As bicarbonate ions

Which brain region contains the dorsal and ventral respiratory groups that regulate breathing?

Medulla oblongata

Which of the following structures is directly involved in gas exchange?

Alveoli

What happens to intrapulmonary (intra-alveolar) pressure during inspiration?

It becomes lower than atmospheric pressure