Ch. 24 A&P 2

Composed of simple sugars; used as the major fuel source for cellular respiration

Carbohydrates

Provide the primary source of fuel for ATP synthesis

Carbohydrates

Composed of fatty acids and glycerol; should be 20%-35% of caloric intake

Triglycerides

Hormone responsible for setting the basal metabolic rate

Thyroxine

The liver synthesizes about what percent of the cholesterol found in blood

85%

A nutrient that makes up the bulk of what we eat

Macronutrient

Micronutrients are:

vitamins and minerals

Amount of energy the body needs to maintain life:

BMR (basal metabolic rate)

Act as an accessory fuel; component of membranes

Lipids

Vitamin used in collagen synthesis

Vitamin C

Symptoms of magnesium deficiency

Nervous system disturbances

Symmptom of chlorine deficiency

Muscle cramps, reduced appetite

Symptoms of iron deficiency

Anemia, weakness, impaired immunity

Fat soluble vitamins

A,D,E,K

Water soluble vitamins

B and C

Coenzyme in nucleic acid and amino acid metabolism

Folic acid

Excess niacin can lead to what

Liver damage

Vitamin A function

Component of visual pigments; maintenance of epithelial tissues; antioxidant

Vitamin E function

Antioxidant; helps prevent damage to cell membranes

Symptoms of copper deficiency

Anemia, cardiovascular abnormalities

Symptoms of potassium deficiency

Muscular weakness, paralysis, nausea, heart failure

Vitamin B1 (thiamine) function

Coenzyme used in removing CO2 from organic compounds

Vitamin important in blood clotting

Vitamin K

Symptoms of sodium deficiency

Muscle cramps, reduced appetite

Vitamin that aids in absorption and use of calcium and phosphorous; promotes bone growth

Vitamin D

Symptoms of iodine deficiency

Goiter (enlarged thyroid)

Which vitamin acts as a coenzyme in nucleic acid metabolism and is involved in the maturation of red blood cells

B12

Symptoms of selenium deficiency

Muscle pain, possibly heart muscle deterioration

In glycolysis, glucose must be activated with the use of how many ATP molecules?

2

What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain

Oxygen

The site of electron transport is the:

mitochondrial inner membrane (cristae)

The two phases of oxidative phosphorylation are (in order):

The electron transport chain and chemiosmosis

Where does glycolysis occur

the cytoplasm

Converts glucose to pyruvic acid

Glycolysis

Polymerizes glucose to form glycogen

Glycogenesis

Hydrolyzes glycogen to glucose monomers

Glycogenolysis

Forms glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors

Gluconeogenesis

Breakdown of lipids:

lipolysis

Triglyceride synthesis is called:

Lipogensis

Final product of glycolysis

2 molecules of pyruvate, 2 molecules of reduced NAD+, and a net gain of 2 ATP

Breakdown of lipids is called:

lipolysis

Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur

the mitochondrial inner membrane

what suppresses appetite

Leptin

Hormone that controls essentially all events of the fed state

Insulin

Which lipoprotein contains high levels of cholesterol

LDL

Considered “good” cholesterol

HDLs

A kilocalorie is the amount of energy:

needed to heat 1 kilogram of water 1 degree celcius

Where are thermoregulatory centers located

Hypothalamus