The Origin, Insertion site, and functions of muscles

Superior nuchal line and temporal bone to galea aponeurosis; Moves scalp

Occipital belly of Occipitofrontalis

Galea aponeurosis to subcutaneous tissue of eyebrows; Elevates eyebrows

Frontal belly of Occipitofrontalis

Bridge of nose to frontalis; Creates horizontal wrinkles in frowning

Procerus

Nasal bridge and orbicularis oculi to skin of eyebrows; Draws eyebrows medially and inferiorly

Corrugator supercilii

Maxilla, frontal and lacrimal bone to skin around margin of orbit and upper and lower eyelids; Closes eye

Orbicularis oculi

Lesser wing of sphenoid to upper eyelid; Elevates upper eyelid, opens eye

Levator palpebrae superioris

Maxilla to bridge and ala of nose; Dilates nostrils

Nasalis

Modiolus of mouth to submucosa and dermis of lips; Closes and protrudes the lips

Orbicularis oris

Maxilla to orbicularis oris of upper lip; Elevates upper lip

Levator labii superioris

Zygomatic bone to orbicularis oris of upper lip; Elevates upper lip

Zygomaticus minor

Zygomatic bone to angle of mouth; Elevates upper lip when laughing

Zygomaticus major

Zygomatic arc and fascia near ear to modiolus of mouth; Draws angle of mouth laterally

Risorius

Alveolar processes of maxilla and mandible to orbicularis oris at an angle of mouth; Compresses and retracts cheek

Buccinator

Maxilla to orbicularis oris; Elevates angle of mouth

Levator anguli oris

Lower border of mandible to orbicularis oris of lower lip; Depresses lower lip

Depressor labii inferioris

Inferior margin of mandibular body to modiolus; Draws angle of mouth inferiorly and laterally

Depressor anguli oris

Mandible near inferior incisors to skin of chin at mental protuberance; Elevates and protrudes lower lip, elevates and wrinkles skin over chin

Mentalis

Fascia of deltoid and pectoralis major to skin over inferior border of mandible; Depresses lower lip and wrinkles skin of neck and upper chest

Platysma

Temporal fossa to anterior ramus of mandible and coronoid process; Elevates and retracts of mandible

Temporalis

Zygomatic arch to lateral surface of mandibular ramus and angle; Elevates and protracts mandible

Masseter

Medial surface of lateral pterygoid plate and lateral surface of maxilla to medial surface of mandibular ramus and angle; Protracts and elevates the mandible

Medial pterygoid

Lateral side of lateral pterygoid plate and greater wing of sphenoid to condylar process of mandible and articular disc of TMJ; Protract and depresses mandible

Lateral pterygoid

Genu of mandible posteriorly to inferior surface of tongue from root to apex; Depresses and protrudes of tongue

Genioglossus

Body and greater horn of hyoid bone to lateral and inferior surfaces of tongue; Depresses tongue

Hyoglossus

Styloid process of temporal bone to superolateral surface of tongue; Retracts tongue

Styloglossus

Soft palate to lateral surface of tongue; Elevates posterior part of tongue, closes oral cavity off from pharynx

Platoglossus

Medial pterygoid plate, mandible, hyoid, stylohyoid ligament, cricoid and thyroid cartilage to median pharyngeal raphe; During swallowing contract to drive food

Superior, middle and inferior pharyngeal constrictors

Sphenoid and auditory tube to soft palate; Tenses soft palate, opens auditory tube

Tensor veli palatini

Temporal bone to soft palate; Elevates soft palate

Levator veli palatini

Styloid process to pharynx; Elevates pharynx

Stylopharyngeus

Mastoid process (posterior belly) /mandible near midline (anterior belly) to hyoid bone; Depresses mandible (hyoid bone fixed) – opens mouth widely; elevates hyoid when mandible is fixed

Digastric

Genu of mandible to body of hyoid; Depresses mandible protract hyoid

Geniohyoid

Body of mandible (inferior margin) to hyoid bone; Forms “floor” of mouth; Elevates floor of mouth (when swallowing)

Mylohyoid

Styloid process of temporal bone to hyoid; Elevates hyoid bone

Stylohyoid

Superior border of scapula to hyoid; Depresses hyoid after it is elevated

Omohyoid

Manubrium and first coastal cartilage to hyoid; Depresses hyoid

Sternohyoid

Thyroid cartilage to hyoid; Depresses hyoid, elevates larynx (singing high notes)

Thyrohyoid

Manubrium and first coastal cartilage to thyroid cartilage; Depresses larynx (singing low notes)

Sternothyroid

Manubrium and medial clavicle to mastoid process and superior nuchal line; Rotates, extends and flexes neck

Sternocleidomastoid

Occipital protuberance, nuchal ligament, spinous processes of C7-T12 to clavicle, acromion process and scapular spine; Extends and laterally flexes neck

Trapezius

Spinous process of C4-T6 to superior nuchal line and mastoid process; Extends, rotates and laterally flexes neck

Splenius capitis

Transverse process of lower cervical and upper thoracic vertebrae to mastoid process; Extends head

Longissimus capitis

Articular process of C4-C7 and transverse process of T1-T6 to occipital bone; Extends and rotates neck

Semispinalis capitis

Atlas (posterior tubercle) and axis (spinous process) to occipital bone (nuchal line); Extends and rotates neck

Rectus capitis posterior

Transverse process of atlas to occipital bone; Extends and laterally flexes neck

Oblique capitis superior

Transverse processes of T5-T11 to spinous process of C5-T4; Extends vertebral column

Semispinalis thoracis

Transverse processes of T2-T5 to spinous process of C2-C5; Extends neck

Semispinalis cervicis

Transverse processes of vertebrae and posterior surface of sacrum and ilium to spinous process of superior vertebrae; Extends and rotates vertebral column

Multifidus

Xiphoid process of sternum, ribs and coastal cartilages 7-12, lumbar vertebrae to central tendon of diaphragm; Inspiration, depresses floor of thorax

Diaphragm

Inferior margin of each rib to superior border of next rib inferiorly; Inspiration, elevates ribs

External intercostals

Superior margin of each rib to inferior border of next rib superiorly; Expiration depresses ribs

Internal intercostals

Transverse process of cervical vertebrae (C1-C7) to ribs 1-2; Flexes neck, tilts the head toward same shoulder, rotates face away (major breathing muscle)

Scalene Muscles

Spinous processes of C6-T2 to 2-5 ribs; Elevates superior ribs

Serratus posterior superior

Spinous processes of T11-L2 to inferior four ribs; Depreses inferior ribs and extends vertebral column

Serratus posterior inferior

Sternum and xiphoid process to 2-6 coastal cartilage; Decreases diameter of thorax

Transversus thoracis

Pubic crest and symphysis pubis to xiphoid process and coastal cartilage 5-7; Flexes vertebral column and compresses abdomen

Rectus abdominis

Ribs 5-12 to iliac crest, symphysis pubis, superior margin of pubis; Flexes and rotates vertebral column, compresses abdomen and depresses thorax

External abdominal oblique

Iliac crest, inguinal ligament and lumbar fascia to 10-12 ribs, 7-10 coastal cartilage, pubis; Flexes and rotates vertebral column, compresses abdomen and depresses thorax

Internal abdominal oblique

7-12 coastal cartilage, lumbar fascia, iliac crest and inguinal ligament to Xiphoid process, Linea alba, pubis; Compresses abdomen

Transversus abdominis

3-5 ribs to coracoid process of scapula; Depresses scapula and elevates ribs

Pectoralis minor

1-9 ribs to medial border of scapula; Rotates and protracts scapula and elevates ribs

Serratus anterior

Transverse processes of C1-C4 to superior angle of scapula; Elevates, retracts and rotates scapula, flexes neck laterally

Levator scapulae

Occipital protuberance, nuchal ligament spinous process of C7-T12 to clavicle, acromion process and spine of scapula; Elevates, depresses, retracts, rotates and fixes scapula, extends neck

Trapezius

Spinous process of C6-C7 to medial border of scapula; Retracts, slightly elevates, rotates, and fixes scapula

Rhomboid minor

Spinous processes of T1-T4 to medial border of scapula; Retracts, rotates and fixes scapula

Rhomboid major

Clavicle, sternum, 1-6 coasstal cartilage and abdominal aponeurosis to lateral crest of intertubecular groove; Flexes, adducts and medially rotates humerus

Pectoralis major

Spinous processes of T7-L5, sacrum and iliac crest to medial crest of intertubecular groove; Adducts and medially rotates arm, extends shoulder

Latissimus dorsi

Coracoid process of scapula to midshaft of humerus; Adducts arm and flexes shoulder

Coracobrachialis

Clavicle, acromion process and scapular spine to deltoid tuberosity; Flexes and extends shoulder, abducts and rotates arm

Deltoid

Lateral border of scapula to medial crest of intertubecular groove; Extends shoulder, adducts and medially rotates arm

Teres major

Subscapular fossa to lesser tubercle of humerus; Medially rotates arm, holds head of humerus in place

Subscapularis

Supraspinous fossa to greater tubercle of humerus; Abducts arm, holds head of humerus in place

Supraspinatus

Infraspinous fossa to greater tubercle of humerus; Laterally rotates arm, holds head of humerus in place

Infraspinatus

Lateral border of scapula to greater tubercle of humerus; Laterally rotates and adducts arm, holds head of humerus in place

Teres minor

Inferior margin of glenoid cavity (long head)/ posterior surface of humerus (lateral head)/posterior surface of entire humeral shaft (medial head) to olecranon process of ulna; Extends elbow and shoulder, adducts arm

Triceps brachii

Superior margin of glenoid cavity (long head)/coracoid process (short head) to radial tuberosity and fascia of forearm; Flexes shoulder and elbow, supinates forearm and hand

Biceps brachii

Anterior surface of humerus to ulnar tuberosity and coronoid process of ulna; Flexes elbow

Brachialis

Lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus to styloid process of radius; Flexes elbow

Brachioradialis

Medial epicondyle of humerus and coronoid process of ulna to lateral surface of radial shaft; Pronates forearm and hand

Pronator teres

Distal ulna (anterior surface) to anterior surface of distal radius; Pronates forearm and hand

Pronator quadratus

Lateral epicondyle of humerus and , ulna and radial collateral ligament to proximal radius; Supinates forearm and hand

Supinator

Medial epicondyle of humerus and posterior surface of ulna to pisiform, hamate and metacarpal V; Flexes and abducts wrist

Flexor carpi ulnaris

Medial epicondyle of humerus to palmar fascia; Tenses palmar fascia and flexes wrist

Palmaris longus

Medial epicondyle of humerus to second and third metacarpals; Flexes and abducts wrist

Flexor carpi radialis

Medial epicondyle of humerus, coronoid process and superior half of ulna to middle phalanges II-V; Flexes fingers and wrist

Flexor digitorum superficialis

Proximal ulna, coronoid process to distal phalanges II-V; Flexes fingers and wrist

Flexor digitorum profundus

Radius to distal phalanx of thumb; Flexes thumb

Flexor pollicis longus

Lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus to base of metacarpal II; Extends and abducts wrist

Extensor carpi radialis longus

Lateral epicondyle of humerus to base of metacarpal III; Extends and abducts wrist

Extensor carpi radialis brevis

Lateral epicondyle of humerus to dorsal surfaces of phalanges II-V; Extends fingers and wrist

Extensor digitorum

Lateral epicondyle of humerus to proximal phalange of V; Extends little finger and wrist

Extensor digiti minimi

Lateral epicondyle of humerus and posterior surface of ulnar shaft to base of metacarpal V; Extends and adducts wrist

Extensor carpi ulnaris

Posterior surfaces of radius and ulna, interosseous membrane to base of metacarpal I; Abducts and extends thumb

Abductor Pollicis longus

Shaft of radius to proximal phalanx of thumb; Extends and abducts thumb

Extensor pollicis brevis

Posterior surface of ulna to distal phalanx of thumb; Extends thumb

Extensor pollicis longus

Posterior surface of ulna to middle and distal phalanges II; Extends forefinger and wrist

Extensor indicis

Capitate, bases of metacarpals II-III to medial surface of proximal phalanx I; Draws thumb towards palm (adducts thumb)

Adductor pollicis

Flexor retinaculum, scaphoid and trapezium to lateral surface of proximal phalanx I; Abducts thumb

Abductor pollicis brevis

Flexor retinaculum and first metacarpal to proximal phalanx of thumb; Flexes thumb

Flexor pollicis brevis

Flexor retinaculum and trapezium to metacarpal I; Opposes thumb

Opponens pollicis