Cilvil Rights and Aus Hum short answer

Origin

This identifies if the source is primary (created at the time) or secondary (created later); it must state who created the source

Purpose

This identifies the "message" or main idea; it explains what the creator wants the audience to think

Context

This "tells the story" of the source by embedding specific dates

Reliability

This judges if the source is trustworthy for a historian by checking for bias

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) An international document adopted by the UN in 1948. Key figure Eleanor Roosevelt helped draft and lead it. Australia was involved in its adoption. It established that all people are born free and equal in dignity and rights.

Emmett Till (1955)

A 14-year-old African American boy brutally murdered, wrapped in barbed wire and thrown in the Tallahatchie river in 1955.

Rosa Parks (1955)

An activist who was arrested on December 1 1955.

Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955–56)

A 381-day protest of the bus system by the Black community (who made up 70% of users) that ended when the Supreme Court ruled bus segregation was unconstitutional.

Martin Luther King Jr (MLK)

A Baptist minister and social activist who advocated for peaceful protest and civil disobedience; he led the 1963 March on Washington and was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964.

March on Washington (1963)

A rally of 250,000 in 1963.

Little Rock Nine (1957)

A group of nine Black students who enrolled at the formerly all-white Central High School in Arkansas; they required protection from federal troops sent by President Eisenhower after being blocked by the National Guard.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

A landmark US Supreme Court ruling in 1954 that declared state laws establishing separate public schools for Black and white students to be unconstitutional.

Terra Nullius

Latin for "land belonging to no one"; a legal fiction used by the British to justify taking land without treaties or compensation by ignoring Indigenous laws and connections.

Aboriginal Protection Boards

State-run institutions established in the late 1800s that controlled every aspect of First Nations people's lives—where they lived

Stolen Generations

The collective name for First Nations children forcibly removed from their families between the 1800s and 1970s under policies of assimilation designed to absorb them into white society.

1938 Day of Mourning

A protest held on January 26 1938 (the 150th anniversary of white settlement) where Aboriginal leaders like Jack Patten and William Cooper mourned the loss of land and freedom while demanding citizenship rights and equal education.

1962 Right to Vote

An amendment to the Commonwealth Electoral Act in 1968 that provided all First Nations people the right to vote in federal elections.

Yirrkala Bark Petition (1963)

A petition on bark presented by the Yolngu people to Federal Parliament in 1963; it was the first assertion of Native Title in Australian law

Australian Freedom Rides (1965)

Led by Charles Perkins and University of Sydney students; they traveled through rural NSW in 1965

1967 Referendum

A historic turning point where 90.77% of Australians voted 'Yes' to change the Constitution in 1967

Wave Hill Walk-Off (1966–73)

A strike by 200 Gurindji stockmen led by Vincent Lingiari; what began as a wage dispute became a 7-year struggle that served as the first major claim for land rights 1966-73.

Mabo Decision (1992)

A High Court ruling led by Eddie Koiki Mabo that overturned terra nullius and introduced the legal principle of Native Title

Native Title Act (1993)

Legislation passed by the Keating Government that put the Mabo decision into statutory law

Bringing Them Home Report (1997)

A national inquiry that documented the devastating impact of the Stolen Generations

The Apology (2008)

A formal apology issued by Prime Minister Kevin Rudd to the Stolen Generations on February 13 2008

Emmett Till (Legal Injustice)

The killers Roy Bryant and J.W. Milam were acquitted by an all-white, all-male jury. They later admitted in a 1956 magazine interview to the murder but could not be retried due to double jeopardy laws preventing a second trial for the same crime

Rosa Parks (Economic Impact)

African Americans made up around 70% of Montgomery’s bus users, making the 381-day boycott economically devastating for the city. She was fined a total of $14 ($10 fine plus $4 court costs) after her arrest

The Little Rock Nine (Conflict of Power)

Governor Orval Faubus used the Arkansas National Guard to block the students from entering Central High School. President Eisenhower responded by sending federal troops (the 101st Airborne Division) to enforce desegregation and escort the students

1938 Day of Mourning (Legacy)

First major coordinated Aboriginal protest involving groups from NSW and Victoria. Delegates met Prime Minister Joseph Lyons but received no immediate policy change, though it later evolved into NAIDOC Week

1962 Right to Vote (Enrolment Gap)

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people gained federal voting rights in 1962, but enrolment and voting did not become compulsory for First Nations Australians until 1984

1967 Referendum (State Divide)

The referendum passed with 90.77% support nationwide. Victoria showed the strongest “Yes” vote, while Western Australia recorded the lowest level of support

Mabo Decision (Human Cost)

By the 1992 High Court ruling recognising Native Title, three of the five original plaintiffs, including Eddie Mabo, had already died before the decision