Linguistics final

high front lax unrounded vowel

[ɪ]

low front lax unrounded vowel

[æ]

[a]

low back unrounded vowel

[ɔ]

open-mid back rounded vowel

[r]

voiced alveolar approximant

[x]

voiceless velar fricative

[ɲ]

voiced palatal nasal

[ø]

mid front rounded vowel

postalveolar fricatives

/ʃ/ and /ʒ/

high vowels

/i/, /ɪ/, /u/, /ʊ/

back vowels

/u/, /ʊ/, /oʊ/, /ɔ/, /ɑ/

nasals

//m/, /n/, and /ŋ/

voiceless sibilants

/s/, /ʃ/, and /tʃ/

unclear /ʌnkliɹ/ → [ʌŋkliɹ]

assimilation

pink /pɪŋk/ → [phɪŋk]

strengthening

strength /stɹεŋθ/ → [stɹεŋkθ]

insertion

it’s her cat /ɪts hɹ ̩ kæt/ → [ɪts ɹ ̩ khæt]

deletion, strengthening

prescription /pɹiskɹɪpʃən/ → [phəɹskɹ ̥ ɪpʃn̩ ]

metathesis, deletion, assimilation, strengthening

seated /sitəd/ → [siɾəd]

weakening (flapping)

Are [b] and [β] and [g] and [γ] in complementary or contrastive distribution, respectively?

complementary distribution, as they do not contrast to change the meaning of words.

Are they separate phonemes or allophones of the same phonemes?

allophones of the same phoneme

State a rule that describes the distribution of the allophones.

[β] and [γ] appear word-medially, after a vowel. [b] and [ɡ] appear in all other cases.

Refer to Exercise 25 (Standard Spanish) and the rule for the distribution of the allophones [d] and [ð]. Describe the distribution of [b], [d], [g] and [β], [ð], [γ] in the most general terms possible, assuming each pair of allophones follows the same pattern.

Voiced stops become voiced fricatives after a vowel.

argument

expression that is necessary to complete the meaning of a sentence

adjunct

optional elements in a sentence that provide additional information without being essential to its grammatical structure

good/ bad

gradable

innocent/guilty

complementary

hot/cold

gradable

teacher/student

converse

grow/shrink

reverses

a. Polly doesn’t speak Russian.

b. Polly is from Russia

none of the above

a. Bob lives in the capital of Ohio.

b. Bob lives in Columbus.

mutually entailing

a. Not all dogs bark.

b. Some dogs don’t bark

mutually entailing

a. Sally said she liked Polly.

b. Sally said she didn’t like Polly.

incompatible

a. Polly thinks that Fido is a dog.

b. Fido is a dog

none of the above