history exam

assimilation

aim to make something different fit in with the larger group. british wanted french - canadians to be assimilated & indigenous peoples to be assimilated

armistice

Nov 11, 1918 - ended WWI fighting

anglophone

english speaker

british north america

land in NA controlled by Britian, made up of 7 colonies: PEI, NFL, BC, NS, NB, upper/west CA, lower/east CA

charter of rights and freedoms

part of constitution act, guarantees rights of all Canadians

Colonization

taking over a foreign territory and its people through invasion and/or political or economic takeover

colonialism

systems that uphold colonization (often include taking advantage of the Indigenous resources and people)

commonwealth

association of countries, including Canada, rooted in the British empire

conscription

government making you join the military (CA used in both world wars)

Confederation

July 1, 1867. Canada became a country

contact

between European explorers and Indigenous peoples - initially helped eachother

creation stories

Indigenous beliefs about how different tribes came to exist, connect to their spirituality, center around connection to Earth, nature, other animals

dominion of Canada

confederation/BNA act gave them “dominion status” as an independent nation

D-Day

WWII - successful assault on France - included CA, USA and Britain, 1944

the dust bowl

1930’s, severe droughts and windstorms, top soil flying in the air, prairie provinces & prairies of USA

elders

often leaders and heavily respected in Indigenous culture

european exploration

travel along St. Lawrence river & Hudsons Bay, discovered new resources and people, led to establishing permanent settlements and trade posts, motivated by several factors

francophone

french speaker

the great depression

1929 - 1939, severe economic and environmental struggles due to severe weather, stock market crash, struggles in Europe. led to high prices and high unemployment

hudson’s bay company

establish in 1670, british fur trading company, controlled resources in Hudson Bay area, idea came from two french courier du bois who were jailed in France

immigration

picked up signifcantly after WWII, can apply for citizenship after living in Canada for 3+years

immigration in new france

persuasion, prosperity, population, pardon, poverty

land bridge theory

Indigenous people got to North America through a land bridge that no longer exists connecting Asia and North America

lower canada

modern day quebec, french canadian population

manitoba confederation

july 15, 1870

michif

Metis language, unique combination of French, english and indigenous languages

mercantilism

economic ideology that for a country to be successful they must export more than they import, motivator for european countries to expand and create more settlements

monarchy

king or queen is the executive authority

new france

settlement founded in 1608 by samuel de champlain

northwest passage

new route to Asia for trade, through the arctic ocean and around north america

numbered treaties

11 treaties between gov of CA and indigenous groups across the west

parliamentary system

plains of abraham

15 min battle, both english and american generals died, major loss of morale and led to losing the quebec settlement, part of the fall of new france

reconciliation

to repair something, canadian gov is trying to reconcile with indigenous peoples

red river rebellion

Metis people rebelled against the Canadian government, led by Louis Riel, wanted to protect their lands and gain rights/power

residential schools

indigenous children were forced by the canadian government to attend, aimed to assimilate them to canadian culture, language and religion

rupert’s land

land owned by HBC, western canada, sold in 1869 to Canada → Canada began land surveys

separatism

province in Canada wanting to become an independent nation, Quebec had a separatist movement from 1960’s-90’s

social services

Canada started after WWII, help those with children, between jobs, retired, unable to work, financially

treaties

agreements between groups with a mutual agreement and peace and goodwill

treaty of versailles

officially ended WWI, Jun 28 1919, included war guilt clause holding Germany responsible for the war

trench warfare

where most fighting happened in WWI, shooting across an intricate web of trenches, western front, very dangerous

upper canada

ontario, british settlers

united nations

established after WWII, countries can work together on international issues, goal is to promote world peace and higher standards of life, created UDHR

central powers

WWI - germany, austria-hungary, bulgaria, ottoman empire

allied powers WWI

canada, britain, france, japan, russia, usa

axis powers

WWII - Japan, Germany, Italy, Soviet Union

allied powers WWII

Canada, britain, france, USA, soviet union

western front

opposing allied and enemy trenches, site of the heaviest WWI fighting, english channel → switzerland, created a stalemate

WWI dates

1914 - 1919

WWII dates

1939 - 1945

7 years war

britain v france, ended w the treaty in paris, britain won, britain now dominates north america, each wanted more land, resources, etc.

adolf hitler

leader of nazi party, in power in germany from 1933-1945, began WWII

courier du bois

young French settlers in New France, involved in fur trade, did not claim their profits for the crown (working illegally), worked w/Indigenous

filles du rois

“the kings daughters” paid a dowry by the crown to move to new france, marry, and have children

first nations

one of 3 types of indigenous peoples, largest group, 50+ nations, all over canada

governor general

representative of the monarch, part of parliamentary system

henry hudson

english mariner, discovered hudson’s bay (namesake), discovered the resources and opportunities in the north, inspired more exploration in NA

Indigenous peoples

first peoples in Canada, three groups: Metis, First Nations, Inuit

Isaac Brock

general in the war of 1812, creative and risk taking, successful, partnered w/indigenous leader Tecumseh

Inuit

Indigenous people of the arctic/northern canada

jacques carter

french explorer, traveled along st lawrence river, charter the river which helped future explorers

john humphrey

canadian law professor, wrote first draft of UDHR

John A Macdonald

important in triggering Canadas confederation, first PM of Canada

John mcrae

wrote flanders’s fields poem after the 2nd battle of ypres during WWI,

laura secord

canadian symbol of courage, saved british outpost from being ambushed during war of 1812,

leif erickson

first to discover canada by following the vikings route, influenced others to come

lord durham

worked for CA gov, wrote durhams report, led to the act of the union (combining upper and lower canada)