Stoichiometry

Water properties

Polar molecule

Hydrogen bonding

High surface tension

High boiling/temp

Less dense when frozen

Universal solvent

Why is water good solvent

Highly polar molecule allows it to resolve more substances than most other liquids.

Tear apart ionic compounds and polar molecules

Hydration

The process of formation for solutions that are produced by dissolving ionic and molecular compounds

Solvent molecules break apart structure

→ ionic = split into individual ions (dissociation)

→ molecular = disperse as intact molecules

Dissociation

Process where ionic compounds break apart into their cations and anions when dissolved in a solvent

Effects of changes in temp and pressure on the solubility of solids liquids and gas

Increasing temp increases the solubility of most solids and liquids, decreases for gas.

Increasing pressure has little affect on solids/liquids, but a lot to gas

Endothermic

Dissolving solids (adding heat forces more dissolution)

Exothermic

Dissolving gases (adding heat forces gas out of the solution

Saturated

MAX AMOUNT → no more solute dissolves; settles to bottom

Unsaturated

LESS than the max capacity → more solute can dissolve

Supersaturated

MORE than max capacity → excess solute crystallizes/precipitates (unstable)

“Like dissolves like”

Substances with similar intermolecular forces, polar to polar, non polar to non polar

Solution

A homogeneous mixture where one substance is evenly dissolved in another

Solvent

The substance that does the dissolving

Solute

The substance that gets dissolved

Miscible/Imiscible

Mix completely together

Do not mix together (form layers)

Alloy

Mixture of metals (18-carot white gold = 75% gold, 12.5% silver, 12.5% copper)

Concentration

The amount of solute dissolved in a certain amount of solution

Standard solution

A solution with a precisely known concentration used in lab experiments

Dilution

When you add more solvent to solution to lower its concentration

1L= ? mL

1000mL

1L = ? g

1000g

1g = ? mL

1mL

1L = ? mg

1,000,000 mg

finding concentration

C = n/v

Finding n

n = C • V

Finding V

V = n/c

Formula to solve dilution?

C1 V1 = C2 V2