Semester 2 Study Guide
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94 Terms
Unit 5
Unit 5
What is electromagnetic radiation?
A form of energy that exhibits wavelike behavior as it travels through space
How are wavelengths and frequency linked?
Inverse relationship
wave's frequency increases, its wavelength gets shorter
wave's frequency decreases, its wavelength gets longer
What is the speed of light?
300 million m/s or 3.00 × 108 m/s
What types of radiation make up the electromagnetic spectrum?
Radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, UV light, X-rays, gamma radiation
How do you calculate wavelength or frequency?
Frequency: ν = c / λ
Wavelength: λ = c / ν
What is Planck’s equation and what is it used for?
E = hν, used to determine the energy (in Joules), of a photon
What is Planck’s constant?
6.626 × 10-34
How do you convert a wavelength into nanometers (nm)?
multiply your wavelength in meters by x109
What does Hertz (Hz) represent?
Frequency
How do you convert between scientific notation and decimal form (standard notation)?
use the exponent of 10 as a guide to shift the decimal point.
Who is Niels Bohr? What was his theory of electrons in an atom? What part of his theory of electrons was not correct?
Niels Bohr was a Danish scientist
His theory was that electrons must have enough energy to keep them in constant motion around the nucleus
Niels Bohr theory did not really completely explain how electrons were spaced out around the nucleus
What are Lewis electron dot structures and how do you draw them? What do they tell us?
diagrams that show the valence electrons of atoms in a molecule
Unit 6
Unit 6
What patterns did Mendeleev see in elements that existed that allowed him to arrange them in regular, recurring patterns?
Similar properties and masses
What is the Periodic Law?
the idea that properties of elements repeat from time to time
Was Mendeleev able to successfully predict the existence of yet undiscovered elements? How so?
Yes, and he did so by
How is the periodic table structured?
What are periods?
What are groups?
What are the common names of groups in the periodic table?
Where on the periodic table would you find: metals, nonmetals, metalloids, transition metals?
What is effective nuclear charge?
How does effective nuclear change going periodic table rows (periods) and along periodic table columns (groups).
What are the general trends along periodic table rows (periods) and along periodic table columns (groups) for the properties atomic size and ionic size (radii)?
What are the general trends along periodic table rows (periods) and along periodic table columns (groups) for the properties ionization energy and electronegativity?
Unit 7
Unit 7
What are chemical bonds and the different types?
What is the octet rule?
What are ions? How do they form?
What is a cation? How do they form?
What is an anion? How do they form?
How is the group number an atom belongs to related to its ionic charge?
What are polyatomic ions and how do they compare to monatomic ions?
How would you write chemical formulas for ionic compounds?
What are some properties of ionic compounds?
Are ionic bonds strong?
What is a crystal lattice?
Do ions conduct electricity well when dissolved in water?
What are they called when dissolved?
What happens to energy in an exothermic reaction? What about an endothermic reaction?
What are the rules for naming ionic compounds?
What are metallic bonds? How are they different from ionic bonds and how are they similar?
Unit 8
Unit 8
What is a covalent bond?
What is the difference between ionic and covalent bonding?
What are bond pairs and what are lone pairs?
How are valence electrons related to covalent bonding?
How does each atom in a covalent bond “see” the electrons that are shared?
What are diatomic molecules? Do they have covalent bonds? Why?
How is the formation of covalent bonds a balance between attractive and repulsive forces?
What are the rules for naming compounds?
What is the list of prefixes commonly used in naming compounds?
What are the different bond types of covalent bonds?
What different multiple covalent bonds exist?
How many electrons get shared for each bond in a multiple bond?
What is a sigma bond?
What is a pi bond?
How do you draw the Lewis structure for a compound?
How do you determine the total number of electrons and number of electron pairs?
How many electrons are you trying to draw for each atom in a Lewis structure?
What are exceptions to the octet rule? What are they called?
How do they differ from each other?
What affects the strength of a covalent bond?
How does the size of the atoms affect the strength of the bond between two atoms? How about the number of bonds between two atoms?
What causes bonds to be polar?
What is necessary for a molecule to be polar?
Can atoms have polar bonds and still be nonpolar?
Unit 9
Unit 9
What is a chemical reaction?
How is a chemical equation written?
What are reactants?
What are products?
What is the difference between a word equation, skeleton equation, and chemical equation?
What does it mean to “balance an equation”?
What do the coefficients mean in a chemical reaction?
What are the symbols for representing the state in which reactants and/or products are in?
What are the steps necessary to balance an equation?
What are the five different types of reactions used to classify chemical reactions? What is the general format for each type of reaction?
How are synthesis and decomposition reactions similar to each other?
How are single and double replacement reactions related?
What is different about a combustion reaction?
What is an aqueous solution?
What is a precipitate and why is it important in reactions involving aqueous solutions?
What are spectator ions?
How would you write a net ionic equation?
Unit 10
Unit 10
What are the rules for scientific notation?
What are the rules for sig figs?
What is the mole and how is it written?
Why do we use moles as a unit?
What is Avogadro’s number? What does it mean and how would we use it?
What is molar mass (formula weight)?
What is molar mass for an atom of an element?
How is molar mass related to atomic mass?