21. Beef Nutrition 1

are not

beef cows (are/are not) considered small unproductive dairy cows

beef cows are "scavengers", dairy cows are "factories"

forage and body reserves

what do beef cattle rely on for nutrition

cow-calf-->backgrounding/stocker-->finishing

what is the order of operations for beef production

produce healthy weaned calves

what is the goal of cow-calf operations

grow frame/lean tissue

what is the goal of stocker operation

maximize carcass value

what is the goal of finishing operations

reviewed

review this overall diagram for beef cattle operations

1. small to large scale

2. permanent herd...involves replacement heifers and selling of bull calves

3. produce feeder calves for downstream production system

what are some important characteristics of cow-calf operations

pasture-based feeding

what is the basic feeding model for cow-calf operations

1. maximize calves weaned

2. maintain reproductive efficiency

3. minimize morbidity/mortality

4. minimize overwintering cost

5. produce marketable calves

what are the different goals of cow-calf operations

technology use increases with operation size

palpation/semen evaluation in 20%

embryo transfer in 3%

in terms of technology (NAHMS) use in cow-calf operations...

>90%

what is the target performance indicator for calf crop

365 days

what is the calving interval for beef cattle

90-95%

what is the ideal pregnancy rate for beef cattle

45-50% of cow's BW

what is the ideal weaning weight for beef cattle

<5%

what is the ideal performance indicator for dystocias in beef cattle

nutritional or reproductive issues

deviations from key performance indicators indicate...

1. 180d

2. close to 50% cow's BW

what is the average weaning age and what is goal weight

7-8yrs

average beef cow longevity

5-10%

average beef cattle culling rate

herd size

profit with beef cattle varries with what??

hat carcass weight/live weight

what is the dressing percentage weight

2-4%

the BW of beef cattle with decrease further by ___% once carcass is chilled

65-100lbs

what is the average birth weight of beef cattle

~500lbs

what is the average weaning weight for beef cattle

1000-1300lbs

what is the average finishing feedlot weight for beef cattle

~63% (59-64%)

what is the average dressing percentage for beef cattle

50% of cows BW

what should be the weaning weight of beef calves

lean growth (not fat) for newly weaned calves not ready for the feedlot

what is the point/goal of the backgrounding/stocker system

700-800lbs

around what weight do beef cattle typically enter the feedlot

protein and moderate energy

backgrounding/stocker system nutrition prioritizes what...

1. energy

2. protein

3. minerals

4. vitamins

what are the nutrient categories

net energy

what is considered the most accurate measure of energy requirement as it accounts for all losses

1. basal metabolism

2. environmental adjustments

what is net energy for maintenance (NEm) for

1. weight gain of LEAN weight

2. body condition gain

3. fetal growth

4. milk production

what is net energy for production (NEg) for

DIP (RDP/degradable) + UIP (RUP/bypass)

CP consists of what values

the DIP (RDP) value associated with energy requirements (nitrogen) for microbes to utilize DIP

what is the point of microbial crude protein (MCP)

MCP + UIP (RUP)

what values are included in metabolizable protein (MP)

metabolizable protein (MP)

what is the protein value that measures what the animal actually uses

average daily gain (ADG)

what helps to drive protein requirments

growing animals

what kind of beef cattle have higher metabolizable protein (MP) demands

calcium

what major mineral is high in forage but low in grains

what major mineral is high in grains and corn by-products but low in forages

urinary calculi

what can Ca:P imbalance lead to in beef cattle

Ca:P ratio

what matters more in beef cattle nutrition, the Ca:P ratio or making sure the actual requirements are met

DIP (degradable intake protein)

which component of protein is associated with energy requirements

grass tetany

what occurs when Mg is low (especially low in spring grasses)

supplementation needed

when it comes to Na in beef cattle...

high

K is (high/low) in forage

toxicity

what does the S mineral run the risk of

Co, Cu, I, Fe, Mn, Se, Zn

what trace minerals are often supplemented for beef cattle in the form of loose mineral or block

Vitamin A, D, E

what vitamins require supplementation in beef cattle

most B vitamins and vitamin K

which vitamins are typically synthesized by the rumen in beef cattle

some B vitamins

what vitamin is normally synthesized in the rumen but may need to be supplemented for stressed calves in a scenario like weaning

1. stage of production

2. environment

3. body condition

4. breed/size

what are some factors that can affect nutrition requirements of beef cattle

1. gestation

2. lactation

3. maintenace

what are the stages of production that are of interest in beef cattle

energy

in the lactation stage of production, average forage is deficient in _____ for ~6 months post-calving

CP

in the lactation stage of production, average forage is deficient in _____ for 3-4 months post-calving so

1. energy

2. CP

supplementation of what is needed during lactation...this stage has the HIGHEST nutrient demand

increased energy requirment

what effect does cold weather have on energy requirments

1. decreased intake

2. most dramatic effects on grain diet, least effect on forage diet

what effect does heat have on intake and what is the difference in being on a grain vs. forage diet

1. 32-77 degrees C

2. the point where energy is not expended to maintain body temp

3. involves maintenance of BCS, haircoat, wet/dry/muddiness of hair coat

what is the thermoneutral zone in beef cattle

nutritional strategy

production system determines ____ _____

performance

energy and protein drive ____

minerals

____ prevent major disease issue

dynamic

requirements for beef cattle are (dynamic/static)