AP BIO CRAM UNIT 2

Heterotroph/Autotroph

Relies on others for food, self-nourishing.

Vacuole

Storage for nutrients, water, waste products, or pigment.

Cytoskeleton

Microtubules and actin filaments for cell structure.

Nucleus

Organelle in membrane of cell, contains genetic material, regulates gene expression.

Cytoplasm

The jelly-like fluid that fills a cell and surrounds the organelles, providing a medium for chemical reactions.

Cell Membrane

The semi-permeable membrane surrounding the cytoplasm of a cell, controlling the movement of substances in and out. Phospholipid bilayer.

Mitochondria

Responsible for producing energy (ATP) through cellular respiration.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Synthesis of proteins (rough ER) and lipids (smooth ER) and transports materials within the cell.

Golgi Apparatus

Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery to other organelles.

Lysosomes

Organelles that contain digestive enzymes to break down waste materials and cellular debris.

Ribosomes

Synthesize proteins by translating mRNA.

Cristae

Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane that increase surface area for ATP synthesis and oxidative phosphorylation. Houses ATP synthase.

Plant Cell Wall

Rigid extracellular matrix, made of cellulose.

Microfilaments

Two strands of actin, thinnest fiber, cell movement and cleavage.

Intermediate filaments

Keratin proteins coiled, medium thickness, permanent anchors for organelles

Microtubules

Hollow tubes of tubulin proteins, runways for motor proteins to move organelles.

Centrosomes

Pair of centrioles, centrosome duplicates and move to opposite ends to create mitotic spindle and pull chromosomes during cell division.

Central Vacuole

membrane-bound organelle in plants, maintains rigidity through turgor pressure, stores water/nutrients.

Prokaryotic (bacterial) components

Plasma membrane, ribosomes, cytoplasm, cell wall, cytoskeleton, sometimes a flagella or cilia for movement

Ionization constant

Number of particles a molecule becomes when it dissolves in water.

Water potential

Water flows from high potential to low potential. Increased concentration of solute decreases water potential

Isotonic

Cell stays the same, water movement is neutral

Hypotonic

Water potential is lower inside cell, water flows from high to low potential, cell lyses (good for plants)

Hypertonic

Water potential higher inside cell, water flows from high to low potential, cell shrivels

Phospholipid bilayer allows…

small, nonpolar molecules and gases to diffuse. Small uncharged molecules can pass slowly, large/charged particles need protein channels.

Active transport

Cells move large molecules across plasma membrane using vesicles, requires ATP. Moves from low to high concentration (uphill)

Primary Active transport

Using ATP to directly move molecules against gradient

Secondary active transport

Creates electrochemical gradients using primary active transport, the created gradient moves substances into the cell.

Symport protein

A protein that delivers two molecules in the same direction

Glycolipid

Sugar + lipid, cell recognition, signalling, membrane stability.