Organic chem 2 (reactions)

Complete combustion

hydrocarbon + oxygen --\> carbon dioxide + water vapour

Substitution reaction

like double displacement, look for a halogen and a catalyst (alkane/aromatic + halogen \> Acid + alkane w the halogen)

catalyst

(n.) a substance that causes or hastens a chemical reaction; any agent that causes change

Addition reaction

A reaction in which a reactant is added to an unsaturated molecule (alkene/yne) to make a saturated molecule (alkane), break the double/triple bond and attach the molecule to the new bond

Halogen or acid Addition

doesnt need a catalyst

hydrogen (hydrogenation) or water addition

requires a catalyst

Markovnikov's Rule

When adding to an alkene, put the H on the C with the most H's already. ("The rich get richer"), same with elimination, take away from the carbon with the least h (the poor get poorer)

Elimination/dehydration reaction

The removal of a molecule (water) from a saturated molecule to make an unsaturated molecule, has the catalyst h2so4

Mild Oxidation

converts primary & secondary alcohols into carbonyl-containing compounds (remove lone hydrogens then add oxygen) has the catalysts h2o2, KMnO4, K2Cr2O7.

dehydration synthesis (condensation)

A chemical reaction in which two molecules are bonded together with the removal of a water molecule. Requires the catalyst H2so4(remove a water and join the rest together)(formation of ethers, esters, and amides)

Formation of Ethers (dehydration synthesis)

alcohol + alcohol \= ether +water (remove a water and join the rest together)

formation of esters

A condensation reaction between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid

formation of amides

amine + carboxylic acid \= amide +water

synthesis of amines

alkyl halides +ammonia \> amine + hydrogen halide. does NOT require h2so4 as a catalyst.

addition polymerization

a type of polymerization in which the monomers simply add together to form the polymer, with no other products

condensation polymerization

Polymerization in which molecules are joined together through condensation reactions.

non-polar molecules

alkanes/enes/ynes, and aromatic. all others are polar

solubility decreases when

there are more carbons in a molecule

As polarity increases...

boiling point and solubility increases

most polar to least polar

Carboxylic acids \> Amides \> Alcohols \> Amines \> aldehydes and ketones \> Esters \> alkyl halides \> Ethers \> Aromatics \> Unsaturated hydrocarbons \> Alkanes

non polar molecule bonds

Can only have london forces present, the weakest bond therefore lowest mp/bp. More carbons--\> higher mp

structural isomers

the forces of attraction are greater between molecules with the shape that allows for more places where forces of attraction can arise between adjacent molecules.

hydrogen bond

H-F, H-O, H-N. Stronger than covalent bonds

hydrolysis

The opposite of a dehydration synthesis reaction