unit 5 ap world vocab

Industrialization

The process of developing machine production of goods.

Industrial Revolution

A change that began in Britain in the 18th to 19th centuries featuring innovations in machinery and factories.

Factories

Buildings intended for mass producing a product using machines and engines.

Factors of Production

The three groups of resources (land, labor, and capital) used to make all goods and services.

Capital

Wealth in the form of property or money owned by a business or individual.

Second Industrial Revolution

A period of steep growth in industry and production of steel, petroleum, electric power, and machinery.

Consumer Markets

Comprises customers who buy commodities for personal use.

Stock Market

All transactions involving the buying and selling of stock shares issued by a company.

Corporation

A company owned by investors who take in profits but are not responsible for its debts.

Transnational Business

A group of individuals who form a profitable business, popular for aiding transcontinental trips.

Capitalism

An economic system based on private ownership of capital.

Adam Smith

A thinker who supported an economic system based on private enterprise and free trade.

Socialism

An economic system based on state ownership of capital.

Karl Marx

Wrote the Communist Manifesto and supported a state-run economic system.

Marxism

The theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels regarding economics and class struggle.

Communism

A form of socialism that abolishes private ownership.

Unions

An association of workers formed to bargain for better working conditions and higher wages.

Labor Strikes

Actions taken by workers to obtain better working conditions.

Tokugawa Japan

A ruling family that imposed centralized feudalism and closed Japan to foreigners.

Meiji Restoration/Era

A period of rapid modernization and reform for Japan under Emperor Meiji.

Suffrage Movements

Groups that protest for voting rights and equality.

Imperialism

A superpower extending its reach to less powerful areas often as colonies or protectorates.

Berlin Conference

A meeting where many superpowers divided the African continent.

Scramble for Africa

The rush to take land in Africa by various colonial powers.

King Leopold II

King of Belgium who promoted the colonization of Africa.

Economic Imperialism

A doctrine where a superpower exploits a poorer region for profit.

Protectorate

A territory partly controlled by a stronger state but autonomous in internal affairs.

Colonies

Lands that are controlled by another nation.

The Cherokee Nation

Adopted European ways in hopes of retaining their land.

Zulu Kingdom

A kingdom founded by Shaka, later affected by British and Dutch settlers.

Nationalism

A feeling of patriotic pride and devotion to one's country.

Nation-state

A state containing one homogeneous race.

Social Darwinism

The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggles.

Enlightenment

An 18th-century movement advocating reason in evaluating accepted ideas and social institutions.

Voltaire

An Enlightenment thinker who criticized absolute monarchy.

Rousseau

A philosopher who believed people are naturally good but corrupted by society.

Locke

An empiricist philosopher who believed all knowledge comes from sensory experience.

Hobbes

A philosopher who believed men are naturally evil and need some control.

Revolution

The overthrow of a government by those who are governed.

Declaration of Independence

The document that initiated the American Revolution.

American Revolution

A rebellion in the British colonies leading to the formation of the United States.

French Revolution

A revolution that overthrew the Bourbon monarchy and ended with Napoleon's rise to power.

Louis XVI

King of France whose lack of reforms led to revolution.

Declaration of the Rights of Man

Guidelines demanded by the people during the French Revolution.

Reign of Terror

Period during the French Revolution involving mass executions.

Robespierre

A politician who led the Reign of Terror and was executed himself.

Guillotine

An execution device featuring a weighted blade.

Napoleon Bonaparte

Overthrew the French Directory and became Emperor but was ultimately defeated.

Latin American Independence Movements

Movements that led to the independence of states from European rule.

Simon Bolivar

A Venezuelan statesman who led revolts against Spanish rule.

Haitian Revolution

An uprising that resulted in the overthrow of French colonial rule in Haiti.

Young Turks

Reformers in the Ottoman Empire advocating for secular government and equality.

Toussaint L'Ouverture

Leader of the Haitian Revolution.

Maroon Societies

Communities of runaway slaves preserving African traditions.

Gandhi

Indian leader during the struggle for home rule against British control.

Indian Revolt of 1857

A revolt against British officers that spread across North India.

Boxer Rebellion

A rebellion in Beijing opposing foreign influence, ended by British troops.

Taiping Rebellion

A destructive civil war in China inspired by Christian beliefs.

Abolitionist Movements

Movements aimed at ending the slave trade and freeing slaves.

Feminism

The movement advocating for equal rights for women.

Mary Wollstonecraft

An early feminist writer advocating for equal education for women.

Vindication of the Rights of Women

Wollstonecraft's work advocating for women's rights.

Olympe de Gouges

Wrote a Declaration outlining women's rights.

Seneca Falls Conference of 1848

The first women's rights conference organized by Quaker women.

Migration

Movement to another area for temporary or permanent residence.

Ethnic Enclaves

Neighborhoods within cities that are homogeneous in ethnicity.

Chinese Exclusion Acts

Acts banning Chinese immigrants to the U.S. due to job competition.

Enlightenment

A philosophical movement which started in Europe in the 1700's emphasizing reason and scientific method, focusing on government, ethics, and science.

Social Contract

An agreement between the people and their government signifying their consent to be governed, popular among Enlightenment theorists.

Natural Rights

Rights granted to all people by nature or God that cannot be denied or restricted by any government; discussed by John Locke.

Liberalism

A political ideology emphasizing civil rights of citizens, representative government, and protection of private property.

Empiricism

The view that knowledge originates in experience, emphasizing observation and experimentation in science.

Nationalism

A sense of commonality based on language, religion, social customs, and territory, often used by governments to foster unity.

Feminism

The belief that women should possess the same political and economic rights as men, popular during the Enlightenment.

Suffrage

The right to vote in political elections.

End of Serfdom

The most important reform of Russian Czar Alexander II that occurred between 1861 and 1865.

Declaration of Independence

The 1776 statement issued by the Second Continental Congress explaining why the colonies wanted independence from Britain.

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

A statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly during the French Revolution.

Jamaica Letter

A document written by South American revolutionary Simon Bolivar, expanding on his views about independence in Venezuela.

Reign of Terror

A period during the French Revolution (1793-1794) when thousands were executed for disloyalty, led by Robespierre.

Simon Bolivar

The most important military leader in the struggle for independence in South America.

Toussaint L'Ouverture

An important leader of the Haitian Revolution who secured control over Haiti and led blacks to victory against oppressors.

Realpolitik

Practical politics where ends justify means, emphasizing power over principles; utilized by Otto von Bismarck.

Otto von Bismarck

Chancellor of Prussia and later Germany, known for leading Prussia to victories and fostering German unification.

Peninsulares

Spanish-born individuals who came to Latin America and were at the top of the social hierarchy.

Creoles

Descendants of Spanish-born individuals born in Latin America, who resented their inferior social status.

Industrial Revolution

A period beginning around 1750 marked by rapid growth in the use of machines in manufacturing and production.

Cottage industry

Manufacturing based in homes rather than in factories, prevalent before the Industrial Revolution.

Factory system

A method of production that brought workers and machines together, replacing localized cottage industry.

Seed drill

An agricultural invention by Jethro Tull allowing for better sowing of seeds, boosting crop yields.

Spinning Jenny

A machine that played a crucial role in textile production mechanization, conceived by James Hargreaves.

Crop rotation

The practice of rotating crops to maintain soil health, enhancing yields during the 1750s.

Enclosure Movement

The consolidation of small landholdings into larger farms in England, contributing to population growth and industrialization.

Steam engine

A machine that converts burning fuel into motion; significantly improved by James Watt.

Second Industrial Revolution

A phase from 1871 to 1914 involving developments in chemical, electrical, oil, and steel industries.

Telegraph

A device for rapid long-distance information transmission introduced in the 1830s.

Muhammad Ali

Leader of Egyptian modernization in the early 19th century who ruled as an Ottoman governor.

Meiji Restoration

The 1868 Japanese effort for industrialization and Westernization, resulting in the empowerment of the Emperor.

Wealth of Nations

Adam Smith's 1776 book outlining free trade principles, also known as laissez-faire economics.

Laissez-faire economics

An economic approach advocating minimal government interference in the economy.