Ketosis and Hepatic Lipidosis

When are ketones produced?

Through incomplete hepatic oxidation of FFAs when cows derive energy from stored fat instead of glucose

What is the most important metabolic disease in US dairy herds for the last 15 years?

Ketosis, some people think so but the professor does not think so

T/F 80-90% of fresh dairy cows with ketosis are subclinical?

True

When does ketosis risk increase?

As lactation number increases and the cow ages

What does ketosis increase the risk of?

DA

Culling in first 30 days in milk (DIM)

3-7% loss in milk production

Lest likely to conceive at 1st breeding

What are the herd effects of ketosis?

Increased DA incidence

Increased culling first 60 days in milk

What is type 1 ketosis?

Spontaneous underfeeding/low dry matter intake

When is type 1 ketosis more common?

Component fed herds

What is type 2 ketosis?

Over-conditioned transition cows (fat-cow syndrome)

What is type 3 ketosis?

Butyric acid silage

What causes butyric acid silage?

Very wet grass-silage

If you have a mid lactation ketosis what is usually the cause?

Butyric acid haylage

T/F dairy cows absorb very little glucose from diet?

True

How do cows get glucose?

Liver gluconeogenesis

What needs glucose?

Lactose production in mammary gland

brain

Erythrocytes

muscle

What are the gluconeogenesis precursors?

Propionate: VFAs from rumen fermentation

Amino acid

L-lactate

Others

What are the primary VFAs?

Propionate

Acetate

Butyrate

What happens with you feed more grains to cattle?

More propionate production but too much causes acidosis

What is the problem with preventing acidosis by limiting grain?

Predisposes to type 1 ketosis

What are signs of nervous ketosis?

Constant tongue-licking movement

Nervous chewing on inanimate objects

Can be aggressive

What is the chain of events in type 1 ketosis?

1. Low dry matter intake or diet that does not have enough glucose precursors (starch)

2. Gluconeogenesis is impeded

3. Lipolysis of body fat occurs as alternate energy source

4. Incomplete oxidation of fat leads to elevated ketones

5. Elevated ketones suppress appetitie

6. More lipolysis ensues

How do you want the feed bunk to prevent type 1 ketosis?

Full all the time

Why do you want to keep cows comfortable?

Eats more and ruminates more to prevent type 1 ketosis

What is the chain of events of type 2 ketosis?

1. Extreme NEB pre-calvin

2. Lipolysis occurring faster than liver can repackage into lipoproteins

3. Liver becomes infiltrated with fat

4. liver function is compromised

5. Cannot perform gluconeogenesis

6. Causes further lipolysis

7. Liver infiltrated with more fat

8. Liver compromised and immunity impaired

How do you prevent type 2 ketosis?

Concentrate on pre-calving nutritional management with

• Diet formulation

• Maximize feed intake

How can you maximize feed intake to prevent type 2 ketosis?

Allow 30 feet per cow

Feed available 22 hours a day

Never over crowd a pen 85% capacity is best

Proper body condition

Monensin

What is the presentation for type 1 ketosis?

3-6 weeks post calving, thin, sudden milk decrease, anorexia, acetonemia breath, nevous ketosis

How do you treat type 1 ketosis?

Propylene glycol PO

What is the prognosis of type 1 ketosis?

Excellent

Glucose precursors

How do you prevent type 1 ketosis?

Concentrate on post-calving nutrition and management by having a properly formulated diet and assess anything that can impact feed intake

What causes type 2 ketosis?

Issues with a negative energy balance pre-calving

Wha tis the lesion of type 2 ketosis?

Hepatic lipidosis. WIll be present before calving but will reveal itself post calving

What is worse case scenario for type 2 ketosis?

Obese 1st lactation heifers

How do you treat type 2 ketosis?

glucose drip, dex, stimulate to eat anything but prognosis is poor

What happens if you prevent overcrowding?

You do not produce more total milk, but you remove the worst milk producers creating the same amount of milk with fewer cattle

What happens when you move cattle to different pens?

Stressful to all members with subordinate animals taking the burnt of antagonism lowering DMI

When should group stability return after moving animals?

2 days

When should you move animals?

At night in groups, not individuals

What can maternity pens cause?

If they stay for 3 or more days, increases culling rates and DA rates

Can exacerbate type 2 ketosis

When should cows be moved to a maternity pen?

<2 days prior to due date

How can you diagnose ketosis chute side?

Urine strip that measure acetoacetate

Not super sensitive but very cheap

Can use a milk strip but more work

What is subclinical ketosis?

A herd issue due to excessive levels of ketones without the presence of C/S

Can be defined and monitored

How do you diagnose subclinical ketosis?

Serum beta hydroxybutyrate >14.4 post calving

NEFA >0.3 pre calving

What is NEFA?

Measure of negative energy balance that is used pre calving

How do you treat ketosis?

Propylene glycol and vit B12, but will not work in severe Type II because gluconeogenesis is not working

50% dextrose IV

Dexamethasone