Biology test Review

Flashcards based on key concepts from biology lecture notes.

Chloroplast

An organelle in plant cells that carries out photosynthesis to produce glucose using carbon dioxide (CO₂) and water (H₂O).

Mitochondria

Organelles that carry out cellular respiration to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which cells use for energy in various processes.

Nucleus

The part of a cell that stores and protects genetic information; it contains the cell's DNA.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

A network of membranes involved in the packaging and processing of proteins made by ribosomes.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

A network of membranes responsible for synthesizing lipids and metabolizing carbohydrates.

Cell Membrane

A structure that controls the entry and exit of substances into and out of the cell.

Vacuole

A storage organelle found in plant cells, responsible for maintaining cell shape and storing water and other substances.

Cell Wall

A rigid outer layer that provides strength and shape to plant cells.

Mitosis

A process of cell division where one cell divides to produce two genetically identical daughter cells.

Cytokinesis

The final step of cell division, where the cytoplasm divides, resulting in two separate daughter cells.

Osmosis

The passive transport of water across a semi-permeable membrane from a region of low solute concentration to a region of high solute concentration.

Active Transport

The movement of substances across a cell membrane against their concentration gradient, requiring energy.

Pathogenic Microorganisms

Microorganisms such as bacteria and molds that can cause diseases.

Food Spoilage

The process by which food becomes unfit for consumption, often caused by the growth of pathogenic microorganisms.

Gene Cloning

A technique for copying and amplifying a specific gene, often using bacterial plasmids.

Recombinant DNA Technology

A method used to insert DNA from one organism into another, producing new genetic combinations.

Bacteria

Single-celled prokaryotic organisms that can be beneficial or harmful; they lack a nucleus.

Eukaryotic Cells

Cells that have a nucleus and well-defined organelles, including those found in fungi, plants, and animals.

Prokaryotic Cells

Unicellular organisms that lack a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, such as bacteria.

Hygienic Practices

Procedures implemented to prevent food spoilage and contamination, such as cleaning and proper food handling.

Photosynthesis

The process through which plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose.

Microorganisms

Microscopic organisms that can be unicellular or multicellular, including bacteria, fungi, and algae.