Anatomical Motions & Articulations

extension

Straightening of a joint

flexion

bending a joint

abduction

Movement away from the midline of the body

adduction

Movement toward the midline of the body

lateral rotation

rotation away from the midline

medial rotation

Rotation toward the midline

pronation

turning the palm downward

supination

movement that turns the palm up

circumduction

circular movement of a limb at the far end

depression

lowering a body part

elevation

raising a body part

eversion

turning the sole of the foot outward

inversion

Turning the sole of the foot inward

dorsiflection

flexing the foot at the ankle towards the shin

plantar flection

Pointing the toes downwards

protraction

retraction

joints (articulations)

places of contact between bones, bones and cartilage, or bones and teeth

fibrous joints

bones held together by dense connective tissue

3 most common types of fibrous joints

1. Gomphoses
2. Sutures
3. Syndesmoses

gomphoses

peg in socket, teeth, function as synarthroses

sutures

found between some skull bones, function as synarthroses, become ossified synopses in adults

syndesmoses

bound by interosseous membrane, function as amphiarthroses
-> found between radius and ulna, and tibia and fibula

cartilaginous joint

bones joined by cartilage
-> either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage between bones

synchondroses

joined by hyaline cartilage

symphyses

pads of fibrocartilage between articulating bones
-> resists compression and acts as shock absorbers

synovial joint

bones joined by ligaments with fluid-filled joint cavity separating bone surfaces
-> most joints in the body

basic features of synovial joints

articular capsule and joint cavity, bursae, synovial fluid, articular cartilages, ligaments, nerves, and blood vessels

synarthroses

immobile joints
-> can be fibrous cartilaginous joints

amphiarthroses

slightly mobile joints
-> can be fibrous of cartilaginous joints

diarthroses

freely mobile joints
-> all synovial joints

uniaxial joint

bone moves in just one plane or axis

biaxial joint

bone moves in two planes or axes

multiaxial joint

bone moves in multiple planes or axes

plane joint

metacarpals and cuneiforms in foot

hinge joint

elbow and knee

pivot joint

pivot joint

neck rotation and forearm rotation

condylar joint

wrist, toes, and fingers circumspection, etc

saddle joint

carpometacarpal joint of thumb

ball-and-socket joint

shoulder and hip

gliding

wrist

stereoclavicular joint

formed by manubrium and sternal end of clavicle

acromioclavicular joint

formed from acromion and lateral end of clavicle

glenohumeral (shoulder) joint

formed by head of humorous and glenoid cavity of scapula

elbow is a

hinge joint composed of two articulations
-> humeroulnar joint & humeroradial joint

humeroulnar joint

trochlear notch of ulna articulating with trochlea of humerous

humeroradial joint

Capitulos of humerous articulating with head of radius

knee joint

largest and most complex diarthrosis
-> primarily a hinge joint composted of two articulations

tibiofemoral joint

between condyles of femur and condyles of tibia

patellofemoral joint

between patella and patellar surface of femur

skull joint

temporomandibular joint (TMJ): head of mandible articulates with temporal bone
-> ONLY mobile joint between bones in the skull