Feeds and Feeding Final

What unit of measurement is milk sold by?

CWT=100lbs

Where does turkey bacon come from?

Turkey

What fat/oil is not good for feeding young weaned piglets?

Tallow

What are the two types of fats?

Saturated and unsaturated

What is the best fat/oil to feed to young weaned piglets?

Choice white grease

What is the energy term used for diet formation in swine?

Metabolizable energy (ME) or digestible energy (DE)

What is the energy term used for diet formation in horses?

Digestible energy (DE)

What is the energy term used for diet formation in poultry?

Metabolizable energy (ME)

What is the energy term used for diet formation in beef cattle and growing dairy heifers?

Net energy for maintenance (NE_M) and net energy for gain (NE_G)

What is the energy term used for diet formation in lactating dairy cows?

Net energy for lactation (NE_L)

What is a starch?

An easy to digest carbohydrate that contains repeating a-glucose units linked by a-1,4 bonds.

What is cellulose?

A hard to digest carbohydrate that contains repeating B-glucose units linked by b-1,4 bonds.

What is hemicellulose?

Any class of substances that make up a plant cell wall.

What is the energy difference between fats and carbohydrates?

Fat has 2.25x the amount of energy than carbohydrates.

What are the two types of dietary fiber?

Water soluble and water insoluble fiber.

What is a calorie?

The amount of energy needed to raise 1 gram of water from 14.5C to 15.5C.

What is a kilocalorie?

1000 little calories or 1 food calorie.

What is a megacalorie?

1000 kcal or 1,000,000 little calories.

What are the characteristics of a high energy feed?

-Abundant energy
-Low fiber (<4%)
-Low crude protein (<13%)
-Low protein quality
-Low in calcium

What is the “Gold standard” of cereal grains in the US?

Corn

What happens when corn is stored too wet?

Mycotoxin

What is the bushel weight of corn?

56lbs

(T/F) Corn is more drought tolerant than sorghum (milo).

False. Sorghum (milo) is more drought tolerant than corn.

What is sorghum (milo) prone to?

Mycotoxin, however less prone compared to corn.

What is the bushel weight of milo?

56lbs

(T/F) Corn is a relatively poor amino acid source.

True

What is the most commonly used corn grade in the feed industry?

No. 2 yellow corn (Moisture <15.5%)

Which type of fat is solid at room temperature?

Saturated fat.

Which type of fat is liquid at room temperature?

Unsaturated fat.

(T/F) The total litter weight of piglets can be improved if the sow is fed smaller particles of corn while she is lactating.

True

(T/F) It is a great idea to feed soybean hulls to pigs rather than to dairy cattle.

False. Soybean hulls contain more fiber which cattle can digest easier than pigs.

(T/F) Dairy cattle lose more energy due to urine, gas, and heat production than swine when both are fed corn.

True.

(T/F) We can feed grain screenings to livestock.

True.

Sorghum (milo) may contain moderate amounts of what?

Tannins

What is the bushel weight of wheat?

60lbs

Which cereal grains have the heaviest bushel weight?

Wheat and rice

What does wheat have high amounts of?

Lysine and phosphorus.

(T/F) Wheat responds well to fine grinding.

False. Although humans consume flour, it is difficult to store as a feedstuff.

At what percentage of total dry matter is wheat fed to ruminants?

<50%

What is the volume of a bushel?

-64 US pints
-8 imperial gallons
-36.4 liters

What are oats high in?

Fiber

What feeds are oats commonly used in?

Horse feed, creep feed, and show cattle feeds.

What is the bushel weight of oats?

32lbs

What are the 3 animal fats?

Tallow, choice white grease, and poultry grease

What animal diet is tallow generally used in?

Cattle diets

What animal diet is choice white grease generally used in?

Swine diets

What animal diet is poultry grease generally used in?

Poultry diets

What is the primary product from soybeans?

Soybean meal

Which livestock consumes the most soybeans?

Poultry (50.4%)

How much crude protein does soybean meal contain?

44-48% CP (as-fed basis)

How much lysine does soybean meal contain?

3% (as-fed basis)

What is trypsin?

A pancreatic protein-digesting enzyme

What inhibitor do raw soybeans contain?

Trypsin inhibitors

What is the gold standard for protein feeds?

Soybean meal

Where does soybean meal come from?

Soybean meal is a co-product from soybean oil extraction

What are the ways that soybean oil is extracted?

Chemically (solvent) and physically (crushed or expelled)

Where does cottonseed meal come from?

Co-product of cotton processing

Why is cottonseed a popular cattle feed?

High fiber, high protein

What toxic compound does cottonseed meal contain?

Gossypol - especially toxic to non-ruminants (do not feed to pigs and horses)

What does gossypol do to male non-ruminants?

Cause them to go sterile

What is canola related to?

Crambe and rapeseed

What toxin did early cultivars of canola contain?

Glucosinolates

Where does corn gluten meal come from?

Co-product resulting from the wet-milling of corn for starch or syrup production. From the yellowish portion on either side of the kernel.

(T/F) Corn gluten meal is used as a pigmenting agent in poultry diets.

True

Which protein feed has a high crude protein content, corn gluten meal or corn gluten feed?

Corn gluten meal (~60% CP)

Where does corn gluten feed come from?

Co-product resulting from the wet-milling of corn for starch or syrup production.

What mineral can be problematic in corn gluten meal?

Sulfur content

(T/F) The amino acid profile in corn gluten meal is excellent for non-rumiants.

False - amino acid profile is poor for non-ruminants.

Where does distiller’s grain (DDGs) come from?

Co-product resulting from the dry-milling of corn for ethanol production.

What is the CP content for good corn?

9%

What is the protein content of distiller’s grain?

25-30%

Which mineral can be problematic for distiller’s grain?

Sulfur content

(T/F) The amino acid profile of distiller’s grain is generally unfavorable for non-ruminants.

True

How should ingredient value be determined?

Diet cost per ton, feed cost per pound of animal gain, and profit margin over feed cost.

What percentage of a ruminant’s diet is fat?

6% - fats are usually not fed at more than 6% of the diet

In what diet is the use of barley limited?

Swine diets

What is the bushel weight of barley?

48lbs

(T/F) Barley is extremely responsive to fine grinding.

True

Compared to corn, what are the benefits and disadvantages of barley?

Less energy and greater fiber

What plant disease is rye prone to?

Ergot

What fungus causes ergot?

Claviceps purpurea

(T/F) Rye is highly palatable.

False

What is the bushel weight of rye?

56lbs

Triticale is a hybrid of which plants?

Wheat x rye

What is the bushel weight of triticale?

47lbs

What plant disease is triticale prone to?

Ergot

(T/F) Triticale has low palatibilty.

True

What is a benefit of triticale?

Triticale has better amino acid quality than other cereal grains

What is the 3rd most common cereal grain on the planet?

Rice

What is the bushel weight of rice?

60lbs

What is rice polish?

A fine, powdery by-product of rice milling that is high in protein, fats, and vitamins.

What is millet closely related to?

Sorghum (milo)

(T/F) Sorghum (milo) is more drought tolerant than millet.

False. Millet is more drought tolerant than sorghum.

Which cereal grain is used as a preferred bird feed in the US?

Millet

What places is millet extensively grown?

Africa, India, and now Texas

What is the limit of millet that can be fed to ruminants per day?

2lbs/day

Rank the cereal grains in order of relative cost per unit of energy.

-Corn (best)
-Milo
-Wheat
-Barley
-Oats
-Triticale
-Rye (worst)

In what states is the rice belt located in?

Texas, Louisiana, Arkansas, and Mississippi

Where is the corn belt located?

The Midwest

Where is the wheat belt located?

The Great Plains