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AP Axial (Towne Method)

CR 30degree caudad to OML or 37degree to IOML

CR 2 1/2inches above glabella

Dorsum sellae projected within foramen magnum

Evaluation Criteria of AP Axial

2 inches superior to EAM, perpendicular to Interpupillary

CR for Right Lateral Skull

CR 15degree caudad exit at nasion, 0degree exit at glabella

CR for PA Cranium

CR perpendicular to IOML and IR, CR 1 1/2inches inferior to mandibular symphysis

CR for Submentovertex Projection

CR 25degree cephalad, exit 1 and 1/2 inches superior to nasion

CR for PA Axial Haas Method

perpendicular and centered to zygoma

CR for Lateral Facial Bones

CR perpendicular to IR to exit at acanthion, MML perpendicular to IR

CR for Parietoacanthial (Waters)

Horizontal CR, 37degree OML and IR (MML perpendicular to IR)

CR for Erect Parietoacanthial

15degree caudad, exits at nasion, OML perpendicular to IR

CR for PA Axial (Caldwell)

Modified Parietoacanthial (Modified Waters)

Ideal projection to demonstrate possible orbital fractures and foreign bodies in the eye

CR perpendicular, exits at acanthion

LML perpendicular to IR

OML 55degree angle to IR

CR and IR for Modified Parietoacanthial (Modified Waters)

perpendicular, centered to 1/2 inch inferior to nasion

CR for Lateral Nasal Bones

Superoinferior Tangential: Axial

Demonstates possible medial-lateral displacement

CR parallel to GAL, IR perpendicular to GAL

CR and IR for Superoinferior Tangential: Axial

CR perpendicular to IR and IOML, CR to arch of interest

CR for SMV Oblique Inferosuperior: Tangential

Rotate and tilt skull 15degree toward affected side

What must do in SMV Oblique Inferosuperior: Tangential?

CR 30degree to OML/37degree to IOML, 1 inch superior to glabella to pass through mid arches

CR for SMV AP Axial (Modified Towne)

Parietoorbital Oblique Projection

full name projection for Rhese Method in Optic Foramina

perpendicular to downside orbit, MSP 53degree to IR and AML perpendicular to IR

CR and IR for Parietoorbital Oblique Projection

ramus,

mentum,

body,

general survey of mandible

To avoid distortion of the area of interest:

• Head in true lateral position best demonstrates (?)

• 45degree rotation best demonstrates (?)
  

• 30degree rotation toward IR best demonstrates (?)
  

• 10-15degrees rotation best provides a (?)

Employ a combination of tilt on the head and CR angle not to exceed 25degree

Methods to minimize superimposition of opposite mandibular body:

Employ 25degree cephalad angle toward the IR with no head tilt

other Methods to minimize superimposition of opposite mandibular body

Body(30degree rotation), Head(15degree)

Rotation for Axiolateral Oblique

CR 25degree cephalad and 5 to 10degree posterior

CR for Horizontal Beam Trauma Projection mandible

perpendicular, to exit at lips

CR for PA and PA Axial Mandible

OML perpendicular to IR

IR for PA and PA Axial Mandible

35degree (OML)- 42degree (IOML) caudad, centered to glabella

CR for AP Axial Mandible

midway between mandibular angles, perpendicular to IOML

CR for SMV Mandible

CR angled 35degree caudad, level of TMJ 2 inches anterior to EAM

CR for AP Axial (Modified Towne)- Temporalmandibular joint

CR angled 15degree caudad, CR 1 and 1/2 inches superior to upside EAM

CR of Axiolateral Oblique (Modified Law Method)

rotate 15degree toward IR

rotation of skull in Axiolateral Oblique (Modified Law Method)

25-30degree caudad, CR enters 1/2 inch anterior and 2 inches superior to upside EAM

CR for Axiolateral TMJ (Schuller Method)

CR midway between outer canthus and EAM

CR for Lateral Sinus

Horizontal CR, exits nasion

CR for PA Caldwell Sinuses

OML perpendicular to IR, 15degree tilt, OML 15degree from horizontal

IR for PA Caldwell Sinuses

Horizontal CR, between angles of mandible

CR for SMV Sinuses

Open mouth, Horizontal CR, exit at acanthion

CR for PA Transoral (Waters)