Alterations in Glucose Metabolism & Metabolic Syndrome

A series of flashcards covering key concepts related to glucose metabolism and metabolic syndrome.

Glucagon

Hormone produced by alpha cells in the pancreas that stimulates the liver to release glycogen as glucose.

Glycogenolysis

The process by which glycogen is broken down into glucose to maintain blood glucose levels.

Insulin

A hormone synthesized in the pancreas that facilitates the entry of glucose into cells and regulates glucose metabolism.

GLUT Transporters

Proteins that facilitate the transport of glucose across cell membranes, with different types being insulin-dependent or independent.

Metabolic Syndrome

A cluster of biochemical and physiological abnormalities that increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes.

Pre-Diabetes

A condition characterized by mildly elevated fasting glucose levels and insulin resistance, often a precursor to type 2 diabetes.

Type I Diabetes Mellitus

An autoimmune condition where the body's immune system attacks insulin-producing β cells in the pancreas.

Type II Diabetes Mellitus

A condition marked by insulin resistance and often associated with obesity and a sedentary lifestyle.

Hormonal Regulation

The control of metabolism by hormones, particularly insulin and glucagon, which affect glucose levels.

Insulin Resistance

A condition in which cells fail to respond effectively to insulin, often leading to higher blood glucose levels.

Clinical Manifestations of Diabetes

Symptoms commonly associated with diabetes such as polyuria, polydipsia, and unexplained weight loss.

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM)

Glucose intolerance that is first recognized during pregnancy, resembling type 2 diabetes.

Fasting Plasma Glucose

A blood test measuring glucose levels after fasting, used to diagnose diabetes.

HbA1c

A blood test that reflects average blood glucose levels over the past 2-3 months.

β Cells

Cells in the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas responsible for producing insulin.

Dyslipidemia

An abnormal amount of lipids in the blood, often associated with metabolic syndrome and diabetes.