Vet 113 Chapter 8

Functions of the cardiovascular system

1. to deliver oxygen, hormones and nutrients to cells and tissues
2. to transport waste products to the appropriate wast removal system

The circulatory system is divided into what 2 systems?

systemic and pulmonary

systemic circulation

delivers blood from the left ventricle of the heart to the body and back to the right atrium of the heart

pulmonary circulation

delivers blood from the right ventricle to the lungs and back to the left atrium

Arteries carry blood

away from the heart

Veins carry blood

toward the heart

cardiovascular means

pertaining to the heart and blood vessels

heart is located where

mediastinum

Mediastinum

area between the lungs containing the heart, aorta, venae cavae, esophagus, and trachea

Pericardium

Double-layered membrane surrounding the heart.

2 layers of pericardium

fibrous and serous

2 layers of serous pericardium

parietal and visceral

visceral layer of the serous pericardium is also called

epicardium

pericardial fluid

serous fluid between parietal & visceral pericardium; reduces friction when heart beats

3 layers of the heart wall

epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

coronary arteries

blood vessels that branch from the aorta and carry oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle

occlusion

blockage of a coronary vessel that causes disruption of blood to the myocardium

ischemia

caused by an occlusion. lack of blood supply to an area that can lead to necrosis

infarct

area of necrosis due to ischemia

atria

upper chambers of the heart

ventricles

Lower chambers of the heart

septum

Divides the right and left chambers of the heart

interatrial septum

separates atria

interventricular septum

separates ventricles

apex of the heart

lower tip of the heart

base of heart

top of the heart

chambers of the heart that receive blood

atria

heart valve

Heart valves allow blood to flow in only one direction through the heart.

right atrioventricular valve

tricuspid valve; blood leaving the right atrium flows into right ventricle through this valve

left atrioventricular valve

(10) (mitral or bicuspid valve) Blood leaving the left atrium flows into the left ventricle through this valve; most commonly replaced due to more pressure on left side of the heart

pulmonary semilunar valve

(6) located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery

aortic semilunar valve

(12)located between the left ventricle and the aorta

Systole

contraction of a heart chambers

Asytole

without contraction

Diastole

relaxation of heart chambers

arrhythmia

Abnormal heart rhythm

sinus rhythm

normal heart rhythm

fibrillation

rapid, random, and ineffective contractions of the heart

Bradycardia

abnormally slow heartbeat

Tachycardia

Abnormally rapid heartbeat

ECG, EKG

electrocardiogram

electrocardiogram

record of the electrical activity of the heart

electrocardiography

process of recording the electrical activity of the heart

Auscultation

Listening to body sounds with a stethoscope

The lubb and dubb sounds you hear are made by

opening and closing of valves

Lubb sound

atrioventricular valves closing

Dubb sound

semilunar valves closing

murmur

abnormal heart sound associated with turbulent blood flow (leaky valve)

perfusion

blood flow through tissues

CRT

capillary refill time

capillary refill time

measures tissue perfusion

3 major types of blood vessels

arteries, capillaries, veins

Arterioles

smallest arteries

venules

smallest veins

capillaries

single-cell-thick vessels that connect the arterial and venous systems

lumen

opening in a vessel through which fluid flows

constriction

narrowing of lumen

dilation

widening of the lumen

blood pressure

tension exerted by blood on the arterial walls

pulse oximeter

External monitor that measures the oxygen saturation level in the blood

pulse

the rhythmic contraction and expansion of the arteries with each beat of the heart

sphygmomanometer

instrument to measure blood pressure

systolic pressure

Blood pressure in the arteries during contraction of the ventricles.

diastolic pressure

the pressure in the arteries when the heart is at rest

doppler

instrument used to listen to blood sounds

hypertention

high blood pressure

hypotension

low blood pressure

Antihypertensive drugs

used to lower blood pressure

echocardiography

an ultrasonic diagnostic procedure used to evaluate the structures and motion of the heart

AV

atrioventricular

BP

blood pressure

CHF

congestive heart failure

CPR

cardiopulmonary resuscitation

angiography

a radiographic study of the blood vessels after the injection of a radiopaque material

angiocardiography

radiographic study of the blood vessels and heart using contrast material

angiocardiogram

X-ray record of the heart and great vessels made visible through the use of a radiopaque contrast medium

cardiac catheterization

radiographic study in which a catheter is passed into a blood vessel and is guided into the heart to detect pressures and patterns of blood flow

electrocardiograph

instrument used to record the electrical activity of the heart

tourniquet

constricting band applied to a limb to control bleeding or to assist in drawing blood

aneurysm

localized balloon-like enlargement of an artery

angiopathy

disease of blood vessels

cardiomegaly

enlargement of the heart

cardiomyopathy

disease of the heart muscle

carditis

inflammation of the heart

congestive heart failure

syndrome that reflects insufficient cardiac output to meet the body's needs

congestion

accumulation of fluid

edema

accumulation of fluid in extracellular spaces

ascites

fluid accumulation in the peritoneal cavity

pleural effusion

Abnormal fluid accumulation between the layers of the membrane encasing the lungs

Diuretic

A substance that promotes the production of urine

Dirofilariosis

heartworm infection

prophylaxis

prevention

adulticide

substance that kills mature or adult heartworms

microfilaricide

substance that kills larvae or juvenile heartworms

embolus

foreign object circulating in the blood

embolism

Blockage of a vessel by a foreign object

endocarditis

inflammation of the endocardium and sometimes the heart valves

hemangioma

benign tumor comprised of newly formed blood vessels

hematoma

collection of blood

hypercapnia

above-normal levels of carbon dioxide