Science

praxis

earth

third planet from the sun, densest planet in the solor system

sun

is the star at the center of the solar system

moon

earths only natural satelite, affects the tides

solar system

a planetary that orbits the sun and consists of the sun and everything that orbits around it

comets

a chunk of ice and rock orginating outside of the solar system

asteroids

a chunk of rock and metal in orbit between mars and jupiter

meteorite

a small asteroid

light year

is a unit of astronmical distance equal to the distance light travels in one year

speed of light

the speed of light is a vaccum is approximately 300,000 km/sec

earths tilt

seasons are a result of earths tilt on its axis

the heliocentric theory

introduced by nicolaus copernicus, positioned at the center of the universe.

stars

a luminnous ball of gas, mostly hydrogen and hellium, held together by its own gravity.

lunar eclipse positions

moon passes directly behind earth into its shadow

solar eclipse positions

happens when the moon moves in front of the sun

patterns

it makes a full rotation on its axis every 24 hours

cycles

earths rotation on its axis and revolution around the sun causes

changes

earth goes through various ……

like an earthquake or a storm can change earth rapidly.

earths magnetic poles

earth has a magnetic feild that extends from its interior to outer space

earths materials

earth is made up of several layers like crust, mantle, and core

crust

outermost solid layer of earth

mantle

not liquid, it is ductile or plastic, which means that some parts of the mantle flow under certain conditions and changes pressure

core

innermost layers of earth, it is mainly composed of nickel and iron

earths atmosphere is a layer of gases surrounding the plant

nitrogen and oxygen

troposhere

0-12 km above earth, most of earths weather occurs here

stratospere

12-50 km above earth, contains the ozone layer

mesosphere

50-80 km above earth

exosphere

700-1000 km above earth

mountains

formed because of earths tectonic plates smashing together

volcanoes

when magma from within earths upper mantle erupts through the surface

canyons

weathering and erosion caused by the movement of rivers, they are also formed by tectonic activity

earthquakes

caused when plates rub against each other in an opposite motion, and rock underground

seismic waves

an elastic wave caused by an earthquake

primary

fastest waves and travel 3 miles per second and travel through solid, liquids, and gases

secondary

travel through earths interior at about half the speed of primary waves and they can travel through rock but cannot travel through liquids or gases

surface

move along earths surface, not through its interior, and are the slowest of the three seismic waves

tsunamis

caused by earthquakes or volcanic eruptions under the sea

plate tectonnics

outer shell is divided into several plates that glide over the mantle or rocky inner layer above the core

divergent

pulling apart

convergent

coming together

subduction

sideways and downward movement of the edge of a plate

rocks

solid mass or aggregate of minerals or minerolid matter

igneous

lava, magma

metamorphic

heat, presurre

sedimentary

deposition, cementation

soil

mixture of minerals, organic matter, gasses, liquids, and many organisms

lithosphere

the outermost shell of earth. earths crust is

hydrosphere

all the water on earth in liquid form

biospere

the global sum of all ecosystems and living organisms

cryosphere

masses of frozen water

atmosphere

layer of gases that surround the planet

the water cycle

called the hydrologic cycle, is a continuous circulation of water throughout earth

percipitation

rain and snow

evaporation

water turns from a liquid to a gas

condensation

when water vapor turns back into liquid

transpiration

plants suck water from roots to the small pores in leaves

clean energy

energy from wind,solar, water, geothermal, biomass, and nuclear

fossil energy

energy from coal, oil, and natural gas

electric power

energy from charged particles

renewable resources

solar, wind, hydro power

nonrenewable

fossil fuels, coal, natural gas

cell theory is made up of three componets

1. all living things are composed of cells

2. the cell is the smallest unit of life

3. all cells come from pre exsisting cells

the structure hierarchy of life follows

cells,tissues,organs,organ systems, organisms

prokaryote

unicellur organism that lacks a nucleus, mitochondria, or any other membrane bound organelle

eukaryote

A multicellular organism that contains a nucleus, mitochondria, and membrane-bound organelles

organelles

structures within the cell membrane or cell wall

cellular membrane

fluid, permeable outside covering of the cell

nucleus

command center of the cell

mitochondria

powerhouse energy source of the cell

cytoplasm

water like substance in the cell

cellular respiration

process of taking food in the form of carbohydrates, making energy in the form ATP, and removing waste

photosynthesis

plant cells make their own food through this and its the process of using carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight and turning them into

plant cells

cell wall, chloroplast, photosynthesis

animal cells

plasma membrane, no chlorplast, cellular respiration

heredity

passing on of physical or mental characteristics genetically from one generation to anothor

gene

made up of deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA

alleles

forms of the same gene with slight differences in their sequence of DNA bases

dominance

when the effect of one phenotype of one allele masks the contribution of a second allele at the same locus

gregor mendel

known for the father of genetics for his work with pea plants.

reginald punnett

british geneticsit and mathematician known for his contributions to the feild of gentics, he devolped the punett square

natural selection

traits can be passed down to offspring that allow organisms to adapt to the enviroment better than others

evolution

change that happens over thousands of years

adaptation

distribution of traits in the population that are matched to and can change with enviromental conditions

variations

traits in the population that may give some members a reproductive advantage

mutations

changes in DNA molecule caused by mistakes during cell division or exposure

species

a group of interbreeding organisms that do not ordinarily breed with members of other groups

populations

the total group of individuals, organisms, or objects being studied or considered

communities

all populations in a specific area or region at a certain time

ecosystems

the biological living community and the abiotic non living enviroment

food web

multiple food chains are interacting simultaneously

energy pyrmaids

shows the transfer of energy from one stage of a food chain to another

food chain

hierarchical structure of organisms that are dependent on each other for food

producers

produce their own food from sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water, they are at the bottom of the food phyramid

consumers

eat their food and are categorized into four main groups

primary

They eat plants, in the pyramid its the bunny

secondary

eat the primary consumer, in the pyramid its the snake

tertiary

eat the secondary consumers and are usually carnivores(meat eater), in the pyramid its the bird

quaternary

eats the tertiary consumers and are carnivores, in the pyramid its the hawk

decomposers

organisms that turn dead material, such as animal carcasses, into soil by recycling the nutrients as food. These could be worms, beetles, fungi, and bacteria

carrying capacity

maximum population of a organism that a given environment can support

interactions of organisms

may be predatory, competitive, or mutually beneficial, these are referred to as ecological relationships