BIO 107: Unit 4 - Ch 15.1 Autonomic Nervous System

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What is the autonomic nervous system?

Which nervous system:

• Routine homeostatic adjustments made from subconscious mind

What are preganglionic neurons?

Which type of neuron:

• Visceral motor neurons in the brain stem and spinal cord

What are preganglionic fibers?

Which type of fiber:

• Axons of preganglionic neurons

What are ganglionic neurons?

Which type of neuron:

• Visceral motor neurons in peripheral ganglia

What is the autonomic ganglia made of?

What is made of ganglionic neurons → innervate visceral effectors?

What are postganglionic fibers?

Which type of fiber:

• Axons of ganglionic neurons, go from autonomic ganglia to peripheral target organ

What is the sympathetic division?

Which nervous division:

• Readies body for a crisis

What is the first step of sympathetic activity?

Which step of sympathetic activity is:

• Heightened mental alertness

What is the second step of sympathetic activity, after heightened mental alertness?

Which step of sympathetic activity is:

• Increased metabolic rate

What is the third step of sympathetic activity, after increased metabolic rate?

Which step of sympathetic activity is:

• Reduced digestive and urinary functions

What is the fourth step of sympathetic activity, after reduced digestive and urinary functions?

Which step of sympathetic activity is:

• Energy reserves activated

What is the fifth step of sympathetic activity, after energy reserves activated?

Which step of sympathetic activity is:

• Increased respiratory rate and respiratory passageway dilate

What is the sixth step of sympathetic activity, after increased respiratory rate and respiratory passageway dilate?

Which step of sympathetic activity is:

• Increased heart rate and blood pressure

What is the seventh of sympathetic activity, after increased heart rate and blood pressure?

Which step of sympathetic activity is:

• Sweat glands activated

What is sympathetic chain ganglia of sympathetic division?

Which ganglia of sympathetic division:

• Lateral to vertebral column

• Innervates body wall, head, limbs, & thoracic

What are sympathetic nerves of sympathetic chain ganglia?

Which nerve of sympathetic chain ganglia:

• Postganglionic fibers from chain that innervates thoracic cavity

What is collateral ganglia of sympathetic division?

Which ganglia of sympathetic division:

• Anterior to vertebral bodies, tissues & organs of abdominal cavity

What are splanchnic nerves of collateral ganglia?

Which nerve of collateral ganglia:

• Preganglionic fibers that innervate the collateral ganglia

What is celiac ganglion of splanchnic nerves?

Which ganglion of splanchnic nerves:

• Innervates stomach, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, & spleen

What is superior mesenteric ganglion of splanchnic nerves?

Which ganglion of splanchnic nerves:

• Innervates small intestine & most large intestine

What is inferior mesenteric ganglion of splanchnic nerves?

Which ganglion of splanchnic nerves:

• Innervates distal large intestine, urinary & reproductive systems

What is adrenal medulla of sympathetic division?

Which part of sympathetic division:

• Center of adrenal glands

• Release neurotransmitters into blood

• Acts as hormones

What is the 1st step of parasympathetic activity?

Which step of parasympathetic activity is:

• Decreases metabolic rate

What is the 2nd step of parasympathetic activity, after decreases metabolic rate?

Which step of parasympathetic activity is:

• Reduction in heart rate & blood pressure

What is the 3rd step of parasympathetic activity, after reduction in heart rate & blood pressure?

Which step of parasympathetic activity is:

• Digestive glands increase secretion

What is the 4th step of parasympathetic activity, after digestive glands increase secretion?

Which step of parasympathetic activity is:

• Increase in digestive motility & blood flow

What is the 5th step of parasympathetic activity, after increase in digestive motility & blood flow?

Which step of parasympathetic activity is:

• Defecation & Urination

What is the 6th step of parasympathetic activity, after defecation & Urination?

Which step of parasympathetic activity is:

• Sexual arousal - stimulation of sexual glands

What are preganglionic neurons of parasympathetic division?

Which neurons of parasympathetic division:

• Vagus nerves control 75% of parasympathetic activity

What is terminal ganglion of ganglionic neurons?

Which ganglion type of ganglionic neurons:

• Located near the target organ

What is intramural ganglion of ganglionic neurons?

Which ganglion type of ganglionic neurons:

• Embedded in the tissues of the target organ

What are pelvic nerves of ganglionic neurons?

Which nerve of ganglionic neurons:

• Preganglionic fibers from sacral segments that innervate distal large intestine, urinary & reproductive systems

What is parasympathetic activation?

Which type of activation is:

• Relaxation, food & energy absorption, cell growth

What do neurotransmitter release?

What always release ACh, and has a localized effect at neuromuscular & neuroglandular sites?

What are nicotinic receptors of neurotransmitters?

Which receptor of neurotransmitters:

• Always causes excitation

• Found in tobacco leaves

What are muscarinic receptors of neurotransmitters?

Which receptor of neurotransmitters:

• Can be excitatory or inhibitory

• Found in poisonous mushrooms

What is dual innervation?

Which type of innervation is:

• Receiving sympathetic & parasympathetic

What does autonomic tone maintain?

What maintains the background level of activity?

• Ex) heart rate & blood vessel diameter

What are visceral reflexes?

Which kind of reflexes:

• Lowest level of ANS reflexes

What is the pathway for visceral reflex arc?

What is this the pathway for:

• Receptor → sensory neuron → interneuron → visceral motor neuron

What are long reflexes?

Which kind of reflexes:

• Involves CNS

What are short reflexes?

Which kind of reflexes:

• Bypasses CNS

What are higher-order functions?

What are these functions of:

1. Cerebral cortex is required

2. Involves conscious and unconscious information

3. Subject to adjustment & modification (not a pre-wired reflex)

What are fact memories?

Which type of memory:

• Bits of information

What are skill memories?

Which type of memory:

• Learned motor behaviors

What are short-term memories?

Which type of memory:

• Do not last long

What are long-term memories?

Which type of memory:

• Can last a life time

• Secondary - need to be reviewed

• Tertiary - lasts a life time

What is memory consolidation?

What converts short-term to long-term memory?

• Involves amygdaloid body & hippocampus

What is basal nuclei of memory?

Which part of memory:

• Storage & retrieval

What is dopamine of brain chemistry?

Which chemical within the brain:

• Important in nuclei that control intentional movements

• Inadequate dopamine causes motor problems (Parkinson’s)

What is serotonin of brain chemistry?

Which chemical within the brain:

• Compounds that enhance effects also produce hallucinations

• Compounds that inhibit or block action cause severe depression and anxiety

What are the characteristics of aging and the nervous system?

What are these characteristics of:

• Reduction in brain size and weight

• Reduction in the number of neurons

• Decrease in blood flow to the brain

• Changes in the synaptic organization of the brain

• Intercellular and extracellular changes in CNS neurons