Geography- Development and Globalisation

Made from GCSE Gegraphy notes on Development and Globalisation.

What is development

Progress of a country in terms of economy, technology, and quality of life

Birth Rate

Number of babies born per 1,000 people per year

Death Rate

Number of deaths per 1,000 people per year

Life Expectancy

Average age a person is expected to live to

Literacy Rate

Percentage of adults who can read and write

GDP per Capita

Total value of goods and services produced by a country divided by its population

Infant Mortality Rate

Number of babies who die before their first birthday per 1,000 live births

Weakness of GDP per capita

It is an average and can hide huge inequalities between the rich and poor

Weakness of Birth/Death rates

Can be affected by an aging population or sudden disasters rather than just development levels

HDI (Full name)

Human Development Index

HDI Calculation

A combination of life expectancy, education (years of schooling), and GNI per capita

HDI Range

0 (least developed) to 1 (most developed)

HIC

High Income Country (e.g., UK or USA)

NEE

Newly Emerging Economy (e.g., Brazil, Nigeria, or China)

LIC

Low Income Country (e.g., Ethiopia or Afghanistan)

Landlocked (Impact)

A physical factor where no coastline makes trade more expensive and slower

Climate as a factor

Extreme heat or cold can limit crop growth and food security

Colonialism (Impact)

A human factor where historical exploitation of resources by European powers slowed local development

Core and Periphery Model

Theory that wealth is concentrated in a "core" (cities/HICs) which exploits the "periphery" (rural/LICs) for labor

Uneven Development (Health)

A consequence where LICs suffer more from infectious diseases like Malaria

Aid (Emergency)

Immediate help given after a disaster, such as food, water, or medical supplies

Aid (Conditional)

Aid given with "strings attached," such as requiring the recipient to buy products from the donor

Aid (NGO)

Aid provided by charities like Oxfam or Save the Children

Intermediate Technology

Simple, affordable tools suited to local knowledge, like hand-powered water pumps

Goat Aid (Pros/Cons)

Provides milk and income, but goats require food/water and can cause overgrazing

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

17 global goals introduced in 2015 to be completed by 2030

Globalisation

The increasing connections between countries through trade, culture, and technology

Interdependence

When countries rely on each other for goods, services, and capital

Containerisation

Standardized metal boxes that made shipping faster and significantly cheaper

TNCs

Transnational Corporations that operate in more than one country

Positive Multiplier Effect

When an initial investment (like a TNC factory) creates jobs, leading to more local spending and growth

Shell in Nigeria (Impacts)

Provided 65,000 jobs and tax revenue, but caused massive oil spills and environmental damage