Biology sec 3 ct 1

A1 CMONNNNN

name the 3 organelles that have a double membrane

mitochondria, nucleus, chloroplast

explain how and why water enters a cell

talk about plasma membrane and the layer

what does the rough er and smooth er produce

.

what happens to free and bound ribosomes

.

where is the SITE where cell activities take place

cytoplasm

what is the mitochondria

main site of release of energy in the form of ATP during aerobic respiration

similarity and the differences between mitochondria and chloroplasts

..

what does the golgi appratus do

receives proteins and lipids from the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum and modifies them chemically before sorting and repackaging them into secretory vesicles.

what do free ribosomes become vs bound ribosomes

transport vs secretory vesicle

structural features of root hair cells and their adaptations

long and narrow protrusion to increase the surface to area volume ratio for efficient absorption of water and dissolved mineral salts form the soil + more

structural features of skeletal muscles

.

structural features of xylem vessels

.

structure features of red blood cells

.

describe what happens when temperature is increased form 0 to higher temp

.

what is a limiting factor

.

nucleus function

responsible for protein synthesis, cell activities and cell division

what happens to enzymes at too high temperatures

.

describe how enzymes bind to substrate

.

optimum temp meaning

.

why will extreme changes in ph denature enzymes

excessive hydrogen/hydroxide ions that disrupt the non-covalent bonds that stabilise the 3d conformation of enzyme

what are enzymes

biological catalysts

how to describe osmosis

compare water potential

move across a selectively permeable (cell) membrane

into or out of the cell

across a __ gradient

via osmosis

until no net movement of water due to the water potential gradient becoming zero

what is active transport

the transport of material in or out of the cell by enclosing it with a vacuole or vesicle, of substances against a concentration gradient from a region of lower concentration to higher concentration (requires energy)

osmosis effects on animal cells

swell and burst vs shrink and shrivel resulting in crenation

what is the outward pressure exerted by water in the vacuole on the cellulose cell wall called?

turgor pressure

how does cell prevent over expansion of a cell? (ensuring that it does not burst)

cell wall is tough and prevents the entry of more water when cell is fully turgid by exerting wall pressure (opposing inward pressure to turgor pressure)

how to describe plant cell being placed in a solution with more negative water potential?

cytoplasm stops pushing outwards on the cellulose cell wall

cell loses its turgor pressure and becomes flaccid

cytoplasm shrinks further into the centre of the cell but the cellulose cell wall does not shrink much due to it being too stiff.

just as the cell membrane begins to pull away from the cell wall, incipient plasmolysis occurs
plasmolysis continues to occur as the cell membrane continues to pull further away from the cell wall

until the cell becomes fully plasmolysed?

solution b more water than a it is hypotonic in regard to a
solution a is hypertonic in regard to b

ok bro

ions and larger molecules like glucose use what proteins

ions - channel proteins (for water is aquaporin)

glucose, amino acids etc —- carrier protein with site for molecule to bind to

small molecules diffuse at higher or slower rate

higher

is prokaryotic or eukaryotic bacteria

prokaryotic u idiot

difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic

prokaryotic has no distinct nucleus (dna is in a region called nucleoid, which has no membrane)
eukaryotic has a true nucleus enclosed by a membrane nuclear envelope

prokaryotic is extremely small

eukaryotic is larger

prokaryotic as NO membrane bound structures

Eukaryotic has many organelles bounded by membranes

why polar molecules cannot pass through the selectively permeable cell membrane via simple diffusion?

hydrophobic fatty acid tail repels it away

What does the golgi body do

It receives proteins and lipids from the er and chemically modifies them then they sort and repackage them into secretory vesicles.

what is the extensively folded inner membrane of mitochondria called + the thing inside

cristae which project into the semi-fluid matrix

what is the rough and smooth er for

SITE OF synthesis of proteins and lipids such as fats and steroids

what are ribosomes for

free - synthesis of proteins inside the cell

bound- synthesis of proteins for secretion out of the cell

similarity between viruses and bacteria

both can reproduce and both contain genetic material

key points for viruses:

is not a cell due to absence of cytoplasm

has an envelope from the cell membrane of the host cell it infects

can only be destroyed by antibodies produced by the white blood cells

reproduce only within living host cells

outside the host cell, they do not feed respire excrete grow or reproduces

key points for bacteria:

peptidoglycan cell wall (made of proteins sugars and lipids)

some are motile due to falgellum

some have smaller rings of dna called plasmids ON TOP OF the circular strand of DNA, which contains a single chromosome

cell membrane

cytoplasm with ribosomes

4 types of bacteria

saprotrophic

parasitic

photoautotrophic

chemoautotrophic

fungi key points:

unicellular like yeasts

multicellular like mushrooms

unicellular:

thin cell wall

nucleus

vacuole

granules of glycogen

multicellular:

body has a mesh of finely branching threads called mycelium

each mycelium has long filaments called hyphae which branch and intertwine

hyphal cell wall is made up of cellulose or chitin or both

each hypha has a central vacuole and cytoplasm

types of fungi based on nutrition:

saprotrophic (live on dead organic matter)

parasitic (hyphae penetrate the tissue of host)

how does fungi reproduce

asexually via budding

OR through spores by germinating to new mycelia

cells —>? then to what

cells—> tissues

tissues—> organ

organs—> organ system