anatomy physiology respiratory

Pulmonary ventilation

movement of air in or out of lung

Tissue respiration

Systemic circuit delivers oxygen to tissue

Plural membrane

Keeps lung and slightly inflated at all times

What is the tissue in the nostrils called?

Pseudostratified columnar

What are the nostrils do?

Acts as a filter and moistens air

What is a nasal conchae?

Ridges in the nasal cavity that stick out

What is the nasal meatus?

Grooves in between nasal conchae

What does the nasal conchae and nasal meatus do?

Both heat up air and moisturizes air by creating turbulence that makes the air have more contact from mucus

Pharangotympanic tube

Connect pressure of atmosphere with ear

What are the tissue that’s in the pharynx?

Stratified squamous epithelial

Palatine tonsil and lingual tonsils

Where pathogens go to hide

Larynx

Adams apple

What separates food and air in the larynx?

The epiglottis

What is the tissue in the trachea?

Pseudo stratified columnar epithelium (ciliated)

What is mucosa?

Membrane in the trachea that secretes mucus from goblet cells

What is the submucosa?

Membrane under mucosa that secretes water into the mucosa

What is below the submucosa?

Hyaline cartilage

What is the outer layer of the trachea?

Adventitia

What is after the trachea?

The bronchi

What is the bronchi made from?

Simple columnar epithelium

What is the bronchi transition into?

Bronchioles

Terminal bronchial

Doesn’t have alveoli and conducting zone

Respiratory bronchial

Has alveoli and is respiratory zone = exchange gases

What happens to the bronchioles in an asthmatic attack?

Bronchial’s contract increasing resistance

What receptor relaxes the bronchioles during an asthmatic attack?

Beta 2

what is the alveoli tissue made out of?

Simple squamous epithelium

What happens at the alveoli?

Exchanging of gases

What do bronchioles do to increase surface area of alveoli?

They branch

What part of the lung only exchanges gas at rest?

Bottom 3rd of the long

What does the alveoli do when inhaling an exhaling?

Expands and retracts

What are the two types of cells in the alveolus?

Type 1 and type 2

What is a type 1 cell?

Simple squamous epithelium

What is a type 2 cell?

Surfactant secreting epithelial cells

What does surfactant do?

Allows alveoli to expand and decreases surface tension

What does diffusion look like in the alveoli?

Alveoli gives O2 and capillaries get rid of CO2

What does the basement membrane do in the alveoli?

A thin membrane that separates capillaries and alveoli and enhances rate of diffusion

What muscle is between the ribs?

Intercostal muscles

What intercostal muscle contracts during inspiration?

External intercostal muscles

What is the plural membrane?

Membrane that separates the ribs and the lungs and reduces friction

Where does the plural membrane attach to?

Deep side wall of rib cage

What are the two layers of the plural membrane?

Visceral and parietal

Which layer of the plural membrane is on the outside?

Parietal membrane

What is Boyle’s law?

Pressure of gas varies inversely with its volume

What happens to the muscles during inspiration?

Diaphragm descends and external intercostal muscles contract

What happens to pressure during inspiration?

Pressure decreases

During inspiration when does air move in the opposite pressure gradient?

When intrapulmonary pressure is 0

What happens to the muscles during expiration?

Relaxation

During expiration what happens to the pressure in the lungs?

Pressure increases as volume decreases

What is the atmospheric pressure?

760mmHg

What is intrapulmonary pressure?

760mmHg

what is the intrapleural pressure?

756mmHg

What is the Transpulmonary pressure

4mmHg

What does intrapleural pressure prevent?

Collapsing lung

What is pneumothorax?

Rupture in a layer of the plural membrane that makes it so the residual volume cannot be maintained; lung collapses

What happens to intraplural pressure during inhalation?

Pressure decreases

What happens to intrapleural pressure during exhalation?

Pressure increases

What is Dalton’s law?

Total pressure of a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted independently by each gas

What is the concentration of oxygen?

20.93%

What are the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere?

0.03%

What is the concentration of nitrogen in the atmosphere?

78.6%

What is the concentration of H2O in the atmosphere?

0.46%

What’s the what is the partial oxygen pressure in the alveoli?

104mmHg

What is the partial CO2 pressure in the alveoli?

40mmHg

What is the partial pressure of oxygen and CO2 in the pulmonary arteries?

PO2 = 40mmHg

PC2O = 45mmHg

What is the partial pressure of CO2 and O2 in the pulmonary veins?

PO2 = 100mmHg

PCO2 = 40mmHg

What is the partial pressure of oxygen and CO2 in the tissues/capillaries?

PO2 = Less than 40mmHg

PCO2 = Greater than 45mmHg