Disease dilemmas

What are infectious disease?

A disease caused by pathogenic microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses. These can be spread directly or indirectly from one person to another

Examples of infectious disease?

Influenza, pneumonia, malaria, TB

What are non-infectious?

A non-communicable disease, not caused by pathogens, Diet, environment lifestyle

Example of non-infectious

Asthma, diabetes, cancer, stroke

What is a communicable disease?

A disease that spreads from host to host. Pathogens passed from person or from animal to person can cause it

What is a non-communicable disease?

A disease that cannot spread between people because it is non-infectious or non-contagious. Lack of physical activity, smoking or poor diet, including air pollution and age

Example of non-communicable disease

Diabetes (Types 1 and 2), coronary heart disease

What is a contagious disease

An infectious disease caused by bacteria and spread by direct physical contact or indirect contact between people

Example of a contagious disease

Common cold, influenza, HIV, TB

What is a non-contagious disease

Diseases not due to disease-causing organisms but caused by genetics, diet, lifestyle or environment

Example of non-contagious disease?

Genetic diseases such as sickle-cell disease or cystic fibrosis.

What is an epidemic?

One or a few countries effected within a region

What is a pandemic?

Globally spread disease

What is an endemic?

Within a country, something that is ever-present in a country eg. Malaria

What is a zoonotic disese?

Spread by animals to humans eg. Malria and Rabies

What is expansion diffusion?

Disease spreading from a central source. eg. HIV - direct contact

What is relocation diffusion

The spread that occurs when the spreading phenomenon moves into a new area, but leaves behind its orgin to the source. eg. Ebola momentarily came to London from West Africa

What is contagious diffusion

Spread of infectious disease w direct contact with individuals. eg. Herpes

What is hierarchical diffusion

Phenomenon spreads through an ordered sequence of classes of places eg. from cities to towns, towns to cities - multiplier

Three brief points of Hagerstrands Model?

A neighbourhood effect, logistic curve, the progress may be disrupted by physical barriers

What is the primary stage of the Hagerstrand model?

Slight spread

What is the expansion step of the Hagerstrand model

Begins to rise exponentially bc everyone can spread the disease to different people

What is the condensation step of the Hagerstrand model?

It begins to plato when a population mostly has it already. Herd immunity

What is the saturation step of the Hagerstrand model?

All the people that would be infected are infected

Amount of people that have cardiovascular diseases

620 million

Amount of people that have diabetes

800 to 830 million

Amount of countries that have malaria

80

Amount of people that have HIV

40.8 million

Country with the most amount of TB cases

India accounts for 25% of cases

Pattern of TB

Over 85% of cases occur in 30 high-burden countries

Stat on how much of the population use contaminated water sources

1.7 billion people globally use water sources contaminated with faeces

Example of when habitat destruction and deforestation led to an increase in a zoonotic disease

Forest clearance in West Africa was linked with an Ebola outbreak

India: Lung function in rural areas v in Delhi

Lung function is 21% reduced in rural areas and 40% reduced in Delhi

Residents at risk from lung cancer in Delhi…..

Risk increases by 70%

WHO safe levels compared to India’s pollution levels

Who - 10 microorganisms/m3. India - 600 microorganisms/m3

Plan led by the indian government to tackle air pollution

National Clean Air Program

NCAP promises

20 to 30% decreased in PM2.5 (atmospheric particles) by 2024

Have India’s NCAP reached their goals in 2025 and 2026?

Partially. Only 50 out of 100 cities met these goals and 20 cities actually increased the amount of air pollution

How much of Nauru’s population is obese?

94%

How many people suffer from diseases of malnutrition

390 million people