8th Grade Social Studies Final Review

Freedmen’s Bureau

Helped former enslaved people by providing them with food, shelter, education, etc.

Plessy v. Ferguson

Supreme Court case that supported segregation, saying that they were “separate but equal.

KKK and White League

white supremacist groups that terrorized minority groups and kept their own identities a secret.

Industrialization

Standard Oil Company

started by John D. Rockefeller, he bought other oil businesses and eventually owned 90% of America’s oil. (Horizontal integration)

Philanthropy

Donating a lot of your wealth

Collective bargaining

Negotiating process between management and unions; unions can ake requests for workers

Injunction

a court order compelling a person to not do something

Henry Ford

Mass production of cars through assembly lines, paid his worked twice the standard wage, produced a model T car every 24 seconds.

Mass production

Producing a lot of something in a short period of time.

Immigration

Nativism

Favoring native-born people over immigrants

Tenements

Overcrowed/unsanitary apartment buildings in a poor section of a city

Emergency Quota Act of 1921

established the US’s first limit on immigration.

Progressivism

Upton Sinclair

a muckraker who wrote “The Jungle” which exposed the poor conditions in the meat packing industry.

Federal Meat Inspection Act

Passed due to Upton Sinclair’s “The Jungle.”

Women’s suffrage

Women who protested for equal rights.

Prohibition/18th Amendment

A national ban on alcohol.

Clayton Anti-trust Act

Prevented monopolistic practices, declared strikes, boycotts, and other labor unions legal, and strengthened Sherman Antitrust Act.

American Federation of Labor

national alliance that negotiated for higher wages, better working conditions, and shorter working hours.

Political machine

Groups of corrupt politicians who controlled cities. They stole money and stayed in power by bribing people to vote for them and by using the spoils system.

Imperialism

Battle of Wounded Knee

The massacre by US soldiers of 300 unarmed Natives at Wounded Knee Creek, South Dakota, in 1890.

Open Door Policy

A policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China.

U.S.S. Maine

Exploded and sank in the Cuba on Feb. 15, 1898.

Roosevelt Corollary

Roosevelt’s 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the US has the right to protect its economic interests in South and Central America by using military force.

Big Stick Policy

Roosevelt’s philosophy- In international affairs, ask first but bring along a big army to help convince other countries to do what you want. Be able to back up your words with military force.

Neutrality

the state or policy of not supporting or taking sides in a conflict, disagreement, or dispute

League of Nations

the first international peacekeeping organization established to promote global cooperation, resolve disputes through arbitration, and prevent future wars

Sacco and Vanzetti

Italian immigrants who were accused of murder.

Anarchism

someone who believes that the government is unnecessary

Economic Prosperity (causes)

mass production, assembly line, installment buying, investments in the stock market.

Hoovervilles

shantytowns built by the homeless during the Great Depression.

New deal

Relief, reform, and recovery

Mexican repatriation

millions of Mexican Americans were sent back to Mexico during the Great Depression.

Lend-lease Act

policy that allowed the U.S. to war lend supplies to allied powers.

Rationing

U.S. citizens were required to conserve resources to make sure that there is enough to use for the war.

Victory gardens

gardenia planted during WWII to supplement food rations and boost public morale.

Pearl Harbor

surprise attack on the US by Japan.

Japanese Internment Camps

About 120,000 Japanese American citizens were forced onto camps and lost everything. This was because the U.S. was at war with countries including Japan. The U.S. considered them to be enemies and/or spies.

Korematsu v. U.S.

authorized the relocation/incarceration of Japanese Americans.

Ghettos

a segregated area which held Jewish communities in Europe.

Concentration camps

a facility where the government kept people in harsh conditions.

United Nations

most countries joined together to preserve peace and solve problems in the world

Red Scare

Jospeh McCarthy had made many unproven accusations that individuals were communists and/or spies for the USSR.

Iron curtain

An imaginary line that split Eastern and Western Europe. The Democratic nations aided Western Europe, and the Soviets controlled the East.

Containment

Policy of stopping the spread of Communism.

Marshall Plan

Following WWII, countries struggled economically and Marshall feared they would fall to Communism. Aid was given only to the democratic nations in Europe.

Domino Theory

The idea that if one country fell to communism, others around it would too.

Berlin Wall

A wall that separated East from West Berlin, Germany.

Cuban Missile Crisis

Soviets put nuclear missiles in Cuba which caused terror throughout the US.

Suburbs

Many families moved to the suburbs during this time period and it was known as the great white flight.

Levittowns

suburban developments built to solve the post-WWII housing shortage

Interstate Highway System

The first ever establishment of an interstate highway and was signed by Dwight D. Eisenhower. The highways were mainly so that it provided a quick escape route in case of Soviet attack.

Civil disobedience

Breaking the law in a peaceful way to bring awareness to your cause

• Brown v. Board of Education

This court case proved “separate but equal” to be unconstitutional.

• Little Rock Nine

Nine black students who attempted to integrate into an all white public school in Little Rock, Arkansas.

• Freedom rides

Interracial groups of activists rode buses together as a form of protest

• Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

Trained people on how to protest unjust laws nonviolently

• Claudette Colvin

A 15-year-old girl who refused to give up her seat on the bus

• Sit-ins

A form of non-violent protest where the protesters refuse to leave the area.

• Birmingham Campaign

A protest targeted at the segregation in Birmingham

Hernandez v. Texas

Supreme Court ruled that the 14th amendment applied to all racial and ethnic groups facing discrimination

Watergate Scandal

Republicans broke into the Watergate hotel to try and get information to Richard Nixon. This ended his presidency.

Public Opinion during Vietnam War

many purple at first believers that the US shouldn’t join the war but later realized they should due to television broadcasts.

Vietcong

South Vietnam’s army which used guerrilla warfare.

My Lai Massacre

US army killed hundreds of unarmed Vietnamese.

Supply-side economics/Reaganomics

The federal economic polices of the Reagan administration, Also known as supply side economics. These policies included tax cuts, and domestic budget cutting. Their goal was to reduce the size of the federal government

Electoral College

each state gets a certain number of electors and whichever candidate gets 270 first wins.

2000 election

George W. Bush won over Al Gore in the election for president.

U.S.A. Patriot Act

after 9/11, an act was created to prevent future terrorism.