Unit 5: Revolutions - Heimler Review Guide

Vocabulary terms and definitions based on the lecture notes regarding the Enlightenment, global revolutions, and the social and economic impacts of the Industrial Revolution.

Enlightenment

An intellectual movement that applied rationalist and empiricist approaches to understanding the natural and human world.

Natural rights

The concept that all humans are born with specific rights that cannot be taken away.

Social Contract

An Enlightenment concept that encouraged people to overthrow a tyrannical government because the power to rule belongs to the people.

Popular sovereignty

The belief that the power to rule should belong to the people rather than a monarch.

Liberalism

An ideology emphasizing the protection of civil rights, representative government, private property, and free-market trade.

Suffrage

The right to vote, which expanded to more groups of people following the American Revolution.

Olympe de Gouges

A French activist who wrote the "Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen" to criticize the exclusion of women from the new French Constitution.

Nationalism

A sense of commonality among people based on shared language, religion, or social customs, often defined by a shared future vision or a common enemy.

Muhammad Ali

The leader of the Ottoman state of Egypt who acted independently to industrialize by opening textile and weapons factories.

Declaration of Independence

An American revolutionary document that reflects Enlightenment philosophy, specifically the social contract and popular sovereignty.

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

A French document that outlined the rights of all male citizens, established a republican government, and insisted on government transparency.

Toussaint Louverture

The leader of the Haitian Revolution, which resulted in the first black government in the western hemisphere.

Letter from Jamaica

A document written by Simon Bolivar expressing his vision for Latin American independence and unity against Spanish colonial dominance.

Propaganda Movement

A nationalist movement in the Philippines where Filipinos in Europe published works calling for political involvement and national liberation from Spain.

Factory system

A method of production that concentrated manufacturing in a single location and led to an increasing degree of specialized labor.

James Watt

The inventor of the steam engine, which allowed factories to be located anywhere and powered locomotives and ships.

Meiji Restoration

A state-sponsored defensive industrialization in Japan that transformed the nation into a powerful industrial state in a few decades.

Bessemer process

A technology that allowed for the easy conversion of iron into stronger steel during the second Industrial Revolution.

Adam Smith

An economist who advocated for free market and laissez-faire policies, replacing the earlier theory of mercantilism.

Transnational business

A company established in one country that has large operations it controls in other countries, such as the Unilever Corporation.

Limited liability corporation

A banking and finance practice that protected the financial investments of a company's owners.

Labor unions

Organizations created by the working class to use collective bargaining for better working conditions, higher wages, and limited hours.

Marxism

A theory of Scientific Socialism asserting that the proletariat (working class) would overthrow the bourgeoisie (the rich) to create a classless society.

Self-Strengthening Movement

A late 19th-century Chinese reform effort to revitalize traditional culture while adopting Western industrial practices.

Tanzimat Reforms

An Ottoman modernization effort that included building factories, railroads, and adopting Western-style law codes.

Tenements

Shabby, crowded housing units in cities where the industrial working class lived, often leading to public health crises like cholera.

Cult of Domesticity

The social expectation in the middle class that women should stay home as wives and mothers focused on child development.