APUSH 30 Simple IDs

Zimmermann note

Message sent to Mexico from the German foreign minister proposing a secret German-Mexican alliance and possible support for Mexico’s recovery of Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona

Fourteen Points

Wilson’s idealistic statement of American war aims in January 1918 that inspired the Allies and demoralized the Germans

Committee on Public Information (CPI)

American government propaganda agency that aroused zeal for Wilson’s ideals and whipped up hatred for the Kaiser

Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)

Radical antiwar labor union whose members were prosecuted under the Espionage and Sedition Act

War Industries Board (WIB)

Originally weak wartime agency that gradually expanded the federal government’s power over the economy by setting production quotas and allocating natural resources.

Nineteenth Amendment

Constitutional revision endorsed by Wilson as a war measure whose ratification finally achieved a goal long sought by American women

Liberty Loans

Treasury Department bond-selling drives that raised about $21 billion to provide most of the funds to finance the American war effort

Doughboys

Popular term for American soldiers during World War I

Big Four

Collective term for the major powers that dominated the Paris Peace Conference—Britain, France, Italy, and the United States

League of Nations

Wilson’s proposed international body that constituted the key provision of the Versailles treaty

Treaty of Versailles

Controversial peace agreement that compromised many of Wilson’s idealistic Fourteen Points but retained his cherished League of Nations among its provisions

Senate Foreign Relations Committee

Senatorial committee whose chairman used delaying tactics and hostile testimony to develop opposition to Wilson’s treaty and League of Nations

Irreconcilables

A hard core of isolationist senators who bitterly opposed any sort of league; also called the “Battalion of Death”

Lodge Reservations

Amendments to the proposed Treaty of Versailles, sponsored by Wilson’s hated senatorial opponent, that attempted to guarantee America’s sovereign rights in relation to the League of Nations

Solemn referendum

Wilson’s belief that the presidential election of 1920 should constitute a direct popular vote on the League of Nations

George Creel

Head of the American propaganda agency that mobilized public opinion for World War I

Eugene V. Debs

Socialist leader who won nearly a million votes as a presidential candidate while in federal prison for antiwar activities

Bernard Baruch

Head of the War Industries Board, which attempted to impose some order on U.S. war production

Herbert Hoover

Head of the Food Administration who pioneered successful voluntary mobilization methods

John J. Pershing

Commander of the overseas American Expeditionary Force in World War I

Alice Paul

Leader of the pacifist National Women’s Party who opposed U.S. involvement in World War I

Franklin D. Roosevelt

Exciting vice-presidential candidate from New York in the losing Democratic campaign of 1920.

Kaiser Wilhelm II

Hated leader of America’s enemy in World War I

Woodrow Wilson

Inspirational leader of the Western world in wartime who later stumbled as a peacemaker

Henry Cabot Lodge

Wilson’s great senatorial antagonist who fought to keep America out of the League of Nations

Georges Clemenceau

The “tiger” of France, whose drive for security forced Wilson to compromise at Versailles

William Borah

Senatorial leader of the isolationist irreconcilables who absolutely opposed all American involvement in Europe

James Cox

Defeated Democratic presidential candidate in the election of 1920

Calvin Coolidge

Massachusetts governor and Warren G. Harding’s vice presidential running mate in the election of 1920

Warren G. Harding

Folksy Ohio senator whose 1920 presidential victory ended the last hopes for U.S. participation in the League of Nations