MEA 220 Exam 2 Quizzes

flattened structure that is resembles a leaf and contains chloroplasts

blade

hollow, gas-filled structure organ which helps the seaweed float

penumatocyst

stem-like structure that holds the blades up closer to sunlight

stipe

specialized structure on the base of a seaweed which acts as an anchor allowing it to attach to a surface

holdfast

Check your understanding: Which pigment distinguishes the brown algae from other seaweeds?

fucoxanthin

Check your understanding:  Of all the seaweeds the chlorophytes are most closely related to the vascular land plants, but chlorophytes are protists.

true

Check your understanding:  Rhodophytes store sugars from photosynthesis as:

glycogen

Check your understanding: Seagrasses are the only flowering plants that grow fully submerged in the ocean.

true

_____ are flowering plants that live rooted in shallow, temperate or tropical areas of the ocean. ___ are phototrophic protists that live in sunlight areas of the world ocean.

Seagrasses are flowering plants that live rooted in shallow, temperate or tropical areas of the ocean. Seaweeds are phototrophic protists that live in sunlight areas of the world ocean.

The body of a seaweed is called a ___

thallus

Most seaweeds use a biphasic alternation of generations for reproduction; however, ____ add a generation called a carposporophyte.

rhodophytes

Seagrasses have a tube-like structure called a ____ that protects the meristem and newly formed leaves. 

sheath

Check your understanding: If a sponge is forced through a sieve and broken into many small pieces, what will happen?

The cells will move together into large groups and reorganize.

It will die.

Each clump will regenerate into a new sponge.

The cells will move together into large groups and reorganize.

Check your understanding: Which of the following characteristics do not separate the cnidarians from the sponges? In other words which of the following do the cnidarians and sponges have in common?

Mouth and stomach for feeding

Specialized cells

The ability to move

Nerve cells

specialized cells

True or false: Flatworms are hermaphroditic.

true

Check your understanding: Which of the following statements is false?

Octopods use camouflage to evade predators and surprise prey.

Abalone and most of their molluscan relatives have a muscular foot for locomotion.

Gastropods have a radula lined with teeth that they use to scrape and shred their food.

The ctenidium makes the molluscan shell.

The ctenidium makes the molluscan shell.

Check your understanding: Which of the following statements is correct? 

Echinoderms are named for their exoskeleton that is made of silica.

Holothurians (sea cucumbers) are abundant on the deep sea floor where they eat sediment.

Most sea stars (asteroids) are voracious herbivores and can decimate kelp forests.

Brittle stars (ophiuroids) live cemented to the seafloor in large aggregates.

Holothurians (sea cucumbers) are abundant on the deep sea floor where they eat sediment.

Bilateral symmetry

flatworm

radial symmetry

cniderians

Asymmetrical

most sponges

Arthropods have jointed appendages that they use for many purposes. For which of the following do arthropods use their appendages?

Feeding

Displaying

Moving

Arthropods use their appendages for all of the purposes above.

Arthropods use their appendages for all of the purposes above.

true or false: Annelids are worms divided into segments, with a tubular gut from mouth to anus and three distinct embryonic tissue layers.

true

Check your understanding:  Which of the following is not an advantage ectothermic marine reptiles have over endothermic marine mammals?

• Reptiles have slower metabolic rates than marine mammals do.

• Marine reptiles can tolerate anoxic conditions while diving better than marine mammals of similar size can.

• Reptiles can tolerate lower body temperatures than mammals can.

• Reptiles have fewer natural predators in the ocean than mammals do.

Reptiles have fewer natural predators in the ocean than mammals do.

True or false: Kemp's ridley turtles are the only species of sea turtle that can nest underwater.

false (all sea turtles nest on land)

nostrils on top of snout; flattened, ribbon-like bodies, with oarlike tails

(krait reproduction, true sea snake evolution, krait anatomy, true sea snake anatomy, true sea snake reproduction)

true sea snake anatomy

lateral nostrils; cylindrical body with flattened tail; enlarged belly scales

(krait reproduction, true sea snake evolution, krait anatomy, true sea snake anatomy, true sea snake reproduction)

krait anatomy

Viviparous with one exception

(krait reproduction, true sea snake evolution, krait anatomy, true sea snake anatomy, true sea snake reproduction)

true sea snake reproduction

Oviparous, nesting on land

(krait reproduction, true sea snake evolution, krait anatomy, true sea snake anatomy, true sea snake reproduction)

krait reproduction

related to Australian cobras

(krait reproduction, true sea snake evolution, krait anatomy, true sea snake anatomy, true sea snake reproduction)

true sea snake evolution

true or false: Marine iguanas use their claws to grip the seafloor as they algae underwater.

true

Dive from heights of 10 to 100m into the sea to capture prey

(plunge divers, skimmers, underwater swimmers, kleptoparasites)

plunge divers

Fly just above the water’s surface and pluck their prey

skimmers

Steal prey from another individual who put in the work to catch it

kleptoparasites

Chase and catch their prey underwater

underwater swimmers

Some organisms have special glands in there nasal tissues to concentrate and expel salts.  Which of the following answers best categorizes which animals have this adaptation?

Select one:

This is a trick question.  No animals have this adaptation.

Some seabirds and some marine reptiles

Some seabirds

Some marine reptiles

Some seabirds and some marine reptiles

true or false: An ectotherm depends on the environment to warm its body.

true

Adaptations for thermoregulation or tolerance to cold waters has limited the geographic distribution of which of the following?

Select one:

Sea snakes

Seabirds

Leatherback turtle

Marine mammals

sea snakes

true or false: The sex of adult loggerhead, green, leatherback, and olive ridley turtles was determined by the temperature at which its egg incubated.

true

Which of the following birds feed via kleptoparasitism?

Select one:

Skimmers

Gannets

Penguins

Frigate birds

Frigate birds

Check your understanding: Which of the following statements is false?

• The pelvis is a dolphin is vestigial and serves no real purpose.

• Most of the bones in a dolphin’s flipper are phalanges.

• There are many bones in the flukes of cetaceans.

• Seals backbones bend side to side, but those of most cetaceans do not.

There are many bones in the flukes of cetaceans.

True or false?: Land mammals in water hear with their skulls, while marine mammals have isolated their ears from their skulls to avoid this problem.

true

Check your understanding:  Which pinniped cannot rotate its hind flippers for walking on land?

Phocidae (true seals)

Otariidae (sea lions and fur seals)

Odobenidae (walruses)

Phocidae (true seals)

true or false: Both sea otters and polar bear females can start to reproduce around four years of age.

true

Check your understanding: The practice of eating fresh plant growth from previously grazed areas is called

• gardening.

• cultivation grazing.

• disturbance grazing.

cultivation grazing

Which of the following statements is not true for all mammals (eutherian, marsupial and monotremes)?

Select one:

All mammals have an aortic arch that curves to the left.

All mammals have three ear bones: the stapes, the incus, and the malleus.

All mammals have hair at some point in their lives.

All female mammals have a placenta that nourishes their embryos throughout the entire pregnancy.

All female mammals have a placenta that nourishes their embryos throughout the entire pregnancy.

true or false: A streamlined body with modified, reduced appendages are examples of adaptations for swimming that evolved in all orders of marine mammals.

true

Which of the following are the only herbivorous marine mammals?

Select one:

Odobenidae (walrus)

Sireneans (manatees and dugongs)

Otariidae (sea lions and fur seals)

Odontoceti (toothed whales)

Sireneans

Which of the following is not used for thermoregulation in marine mammals?

Select one:

Fur

Control of blood flow to extremities

Blubber

Sweating

sweating

Most marine mammals use air and a larynx of some sort to vocalize.  Which of the following uses a complex system of air sacs and soft tissues that vibrate as air moves through the narial passages (modified nostril)?

Select one:

Odontocetes (toothed whales)

Pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses)

Mysticetes (baleen whales)

Fissipeds (otters and polar bears)

Odontocetes (toothed whales)

Check your understanding: Efficiency of nutrient cycling in the surface ocean is a function of plankton sizes.

true

Check your understanding: Which most accurately describes a phytoplankton bloom?

• when zooplankton numbers are low

• when phytoplankton reproduce sexually using flowers

• time and place in the ocean with elevated phytoplankton concentrations

• periods of rapid growth in phytoplankton biomass

• time and place in the ocean with elevated phytoplankton concentrations

Check your understanding: The critical depth and critical turbulence hypotheses are top-down models meaning that they focus on resources such as light and nutrients.

false

Check your understanding: The disturbance recovery hypothesis is a top-down model where bloom dynamics are controlled by predator-prey interactions.

true

Check your understanding: What limits production in polar regions?

light

An organism that has the ability to grow on the basis of light‐mediated energy transformation as the principal source of energy is best described as

Select one:

phototrophic

planktonic

photosensitive

photosynthetic

phototrophic

Which of the following plankton is not eukaryotic?

Select one:

Dinoflagellates

Trichodesmium

Diatom

Cryptomonads

Trichodesmium

All zooplankton are multicellular heterotrophic organisms that cannot swim against ocean currents.

Select one:

True

False

false

Productivity in polar regions is limited by

light

When the pycnocline is below the compensation depth

Select one:

phytoplankton may be mixed below a depth where they get adequate light for growth.

phytoplankton will sink rapidly to a depth where zooplankton can consume them rapidly.

phytoplankton will suffer from photoinhibition.

phytoplankton will be guaranteed access to enough light for growth.

phytoplankton may be mixed below a depth where they get adequate light for growth.

The only characteristics ALL fishes share is

a. a vertebrae protecting the spinal cord.
b. scales that protect their bodies.

c. a brain protected by a braincase and an obvious head region with eyes, teeth, and other sensory organs.
d. paired limbs, in the form of fins that aid in locomotion.

a brain protected by a braincase and an obvious head region with eyes, teeth, and other sensory organs.

Check your understanding by matching the term with the correct definition.

Release undeveloped eggs that are externally fertilized:

a. lecithotrophic viviparity

b. matrotrophic viviparity

c. oviparity

oviparity

Check your understanding by matching the term with the correct definition.

Internal development of embryos without any specialized vascular exchange organ and rely solely on the yolk sac for nutrition:

a. lecithotrophic viviparity

b. matrotrophic viviparity

c. oviparity

lecithotrophic viviparity

Check your understanding by matching the term with the correct definition.

Internal development of embryos with nutrition provided by the mother during the gestation in a variety of ways, placental structure or not:

a. lecithotrophic viviparity

b. matrotrophic viviparity

c. oviparity

matrotrophic viviparity

Check your understanding: Oxygen diffuses out of the blood into the water across the tissues of the lamellae.

True

False

false

Check your understanding: The lateral line system in fish has evolved for chemoreception.

True

False

false

Check your understanding of the major fish groups with this matching exercise.

Has a brain protected by a braincase but no other bones, mucus:

a. chondrichthyes

b. lampreys

c. lobe-finned fishes

d. hagfish

e. ray-finned fishes

hagfish

Check your understanding of the major fish groups with this matching exercise.

No paired fins, gill openings in multiples of two for tidal ventilation:

a. chondrichthyes

b. lampreys

c. lobe-finned fishes

d. hagfish

e. ray-finned fishes

lampreys

Check your understanding of the major fish groups with this matching exercise.

Cartilagenous fish, denticles:

a. chondrichthyes

b. lampreys

c. lobe-finned fishes

d. hagfish

e. ray-finned fishes

chondrichthyes

Check your understanding of the major fish groups with this matching exercise.

Paired fleshy fins attached to pelvic and pectoral girdle by single basal bone:

a. chondrichthyes

b. lampreys

c. lobe-finned fishes

d. hagfish

e. ray-finned fishes

lobe-finned fishes

Check your understanding of the major fish groups with this matching exercise.

Paired fins formed from many small bones, cycloid or ctenoid scales:

a. chondrichthyes

b. lampreys

c. lobe-finned fishes

d. hagfish

e. ray-finned fishes

ray-finned fishes

Do all fish have vertebrate?

Select one:

Yes

No

no

Match the part of a fish with its function

protects fish against rolling and helps them stop and turn quickly

sense organ that helps fish detect vibrations in the water

gas-filled organ that help fish maintain neutral buoyancy

POSSIBLE ANSWERS: swim bladder, dorsal fins, lateral line

swim bladder: gas-filled organ that help fish maintain neutral buoyancy

dorsal fins: protects fish against rolling and helps them stop and turn quickly

lateral line: sense organ that helps fish detect vibrations in the water

Which two classes of fishes have no jaw?

Select one or more:

• Cephalaspidomorphi (lampreys)

• Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes)

• Myxini (hagfishes)

• Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fishes)

• Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes)

Cephalaspidomorphi (lampreys) and Myxini (hagfishes)

Check your understanding: How long does it take a krill to reach sexual maturity?

2 months

14 months

1 week

2 years

Check your understanding: The initial larval stage in a jellyfish's life cycle is called a:

ephyra.

medusa.

planula.

polyp.

planula

Check your understanding with this T/F question: The comb jellies belong to the Phylum Cnidaria.

false

Check your understanding: Salps start as asexual oozoid that produce long chains of clones.

True

False.

true

One of the most abundant crustaceans in the ocean, a stronger swimmer than most plankton

krill

One of the most abundant crustaceans in the ocean, life cycle includes naupliar and copepodite stages

copepods

Gelatinous organisms with a nerve net and nematocysts

jellyfish

Gelatinous organisms with combs and a single pair of tentacles

ctenophores

Planktonic tunicates with elaborate mucus houses

larvaceans

Check your understanding: Chlorophyll-based photosynthesis has only been found in all three domains of life: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.

false

As we introduce the major taxonomic groups if the photosynthetic protists, we will refer to these functional groupings. But before we move on to the major groups, let's make sure you properly remember the difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes.  

Check your understanding: Which of the following is correct?

Prokaryotic cells have a nucleus containing chromosomal DNA bounded by membranes. Eukaryotes have a cell structure where the chromosomal DNA is not enveloped in any internal membrane but is free in the cell cytoplasm.

Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus containing chromosomal DNA bounded by membranes. Prokaryotes have a cell structure where the chromosomal DNA is not enveloped in any internal membrane but is free in the cell cytoplasm.

Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus containing chromosomal DNA bounded by membranes. Prokaryotes have a cell structure where the chromosomal DNA is not enveloped in any internal membrane but is free in the cell cytoplasm.

Organisms that can use photosynthesis, prey upon other organisms or feed on organic material dissolved in the ocean

mixotroph

Organisms that use photon capture to produce complex organic compounds in sufficient enough concentration to grow

phototroph

Bacteria that use water as photosynthetic electron donors and produce molecular oxygen

oxygenic photogroph

Bacteria that use reduced substrates such as sulfide or ferrous iron as photosynthetic electron donors but do not produce oxygen during photosynthesis

anoxygenic phototroph